The Indian captivity narrative genre, or "accounts of non-Indians held by Indians," has long been described as establishing both a triumphalist narrative of national progress and a template for American identity, in contrast with American Indian identity.1 As often noted, the Indian captivity narrative is marked by its perpetual metamorphosis, as well as its status "as the archetype of American culture, or its foundation text."2 Richard Slotkin, in his trilogy on the myth of the American frontier, traces the critical function of the captivity narrative, alongside the story of the Indian fighter, in the development of the colonial project and then national ideology beginning in the seventeenth century. The two figures of the frontier myth that Slotkin identifies-the captive and the Indian fighter-were "codified and systematized" in James Fenimore Cooper's nineteenth-century frontier romances and have persisted in various permutations through popular literature, theater, art, and film to the present day.3 While political exigencies informed those permutations, so did cultural confrontation. Focusing in particular on the key roles of gender and familial relations in the genre, June Namias concludes, "The popularity of the captive story came from a fascination with both the other and the self. One's own culture, one's own family, one's own gender, that whole complex of Anglo-American culture one inherited by being raised on the American continent, was brought into relief."
4The captivity narrative prompted such reflection, argues Joshua David Bellin, and exhibited in a multiplicity of ways the intercultural exchanges that pro-