The Onset of Wariness

Schaffer, H. Rudolph; Greenwood, A. B.; Parry, Meyer H.

doi:10.2307/1127880

Cited by 57 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…Infants' preference for novelty has often been demonstrated with visual measures, but it was not a foregone conclusion that a similar preference would appear in reaching. For example, after 9 months of age, infants often show a longer latency to reach for novel than familiar objects, which could have shown up here as preference for the familiar, and under 9 months they often impulsively reach for whichever object they see first, which could have shown up here as no effect of familiarization (e.g., Schaffer & Parry, 1970;Schaffer, Greenwood & Parry, 1972). One can see from TABLE 6, however, which presents results from delayed non-matching to sample (single action) pre-testing with a 0-sec delay, that infants at each age did show a robust novelty preference in their reaching for all our pairs of objects.…”

Section: Pretestingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rate of Maturation of the Hippocampus and the Developmental Progression of Children's Performance on the Delayed Non‐Matching to Sample and Visual Paired Comparison Tasksa

Diamond

1990

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

138

130

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Although it has been widely speculated that the hippocampus, and the type of memory dependent upon the hippocampus, develops late in primates just as it does in rats (e.g., Nadel & Zola-Morgan, 1984; Bachevalier & Mishkin, 1984; Schacter & Moscovitch, 1984), the evidence to date would not seem to support this. Instead, there is behavioral evidence of very early recognition memory and anatomical evidence of very early hippocampal maturation in human and non-human primates. It is true, however, that the standard delayed non-matching to sample task, which requires recognition memory, is not mastered until quite late. The reason for this late mastery would appear to be the late emergence of some other ability required for the task, not recognition memory. The candidates for what that ability might be are (1) the capacity to plan and execute an indirect, two-action sequence, (2) the capacity to understand that the object stands for the reward, but is not the reward itself, (3) the ability to deduce an abstract rule, (4) the ability to make explicit on testing what can be shown implicitly during play, (5) the ability to quickly encode visual stimuli (speed of encoding), and (6) the ability to resist interference. Only empirical work will enable us to decide among these candidate abilities; that work is currently underway.

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Section: Pretestingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rate of Maturation of the Hippocampus and the Developmental Progression of Children's Performance on the Delayed Non‐Matching to Sample and Visual Paired Comparison Tasksa

Diamond

1990

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

138

130

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“…Research by Rothbart and others concerning the inhibition of approach demonstrates the benefits of considering normative change in regulatory processes within models of individual differences. This work built upon observations that, whereas approach responses appear during early infancy, common fears such as separation and stranger anxiety do not mature substantially until late infancy, accompanied by increased inhibition in response to stimulus novelty and intensity (Schaffer, Greenwood, & Parry, 1972). Rothbart (1988Rothbart ( , 1989 reasoned that, because latencies to reach for and grasp low-intensity stimuli are governed primarily by approach tendencies, they should not be altered by maturation, but instead remain stable over late infancy.…”

Section: Reactive and Regulatory Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactivity and regulation: the impact of Mary Rothbart on the study of temperament

Putnam

Stifter

2008

Infant and Child Development

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Through her theoretical and empirical work, Mary Rothbart has had a profound impact on the scientific understanding of infant and child temperament. This special issue honors her contributions through the presentations of original, contemporary studies relevant to three primary themes in Rothbart's conceptual approach: the expansive scope and empirically‐derived structure of temperament, the importance of considering developmental change, and the interplay of reactive and regulatory processes. In addition to summarizing these themes, this introductory article acknowledges the ways Mary has spurred progress in the field through methodological advances, institutional service, and pedagogy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…In most studies, infants' greeting responses to the approach of a stranger have been characterized as fearful (e.g., Spitz, 1950), wary (e.g., Schaeffer, Greenwood,~Parry, 1972), sobering (e.g., Waters, Matas, & Sroufe, 1975), or attentive (e.g., . In spite of the importance of determining the infant's response to the stranger or to his primary caretakers, nowhere in the literature can one find a detailed description of the infant's discrete or patterned facial behaviors while being approached by a stranger.…”

Section: Infants' Greeting Patterns To Strangersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infants' Greeting Patterns to Strangers

Haviland

Lewis

1976

ETS Research Bulletin Series

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Naive observers coded facial behaviors (eye direction, eye openness, and mouth) of 40 infants from videotapes of the infant's face and upper torso as the infants watched the approach of a stranger. Patterns of facial movement show that the infants are interested, their eyes remain forward, are slightly wide or normal and the mouth is relaxed. This pattern occurs significantly more often than any other. Indications of fear (mouth contracted or corners down, gaze aversion, eyes very wide) and joy (eyes a bit wide, mouth corners up, looking ahead) were blended with interest, but did not occur in isolation. No age differences were found in this analysis. Sex differences were found in patterns of eye openness. The results were contrasted with previous findings of infant “fear” and were compared to adult reactions in similar stranger approach situations.

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The Onset of Wariness

Cited by 57 publications

References 0 publications

Rate of Maturation of the Hippocampus and the Developmental Progression of Children's Performance on the Delayed Non‐Matching to Sample and Visual Paired Comparison Tasksa

Rate of Maturation of the Hippocampus and the Developmental Progression of Children's Performance on the Delayed Non‐Matching to Sample and Visual Paired Comparison Tasksa

Reactivity and regulation: the impact of Mary Rothbart on the study of temperament

Infants' Greeting Patterns to Strangers

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