The Optical Fiber and mmWave Wireless Convergence for 5G Fronthaul Networks

Abstract

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Power consumption analysis of an optical modulator based on different amounts of graphene

“…Nonetheless, the value of R and C change with the given active area. For example, for an active area of 1.68 um 2 modulator offers a large bandwidth (78.3 GHz) with power consumption below 10 fJ per bit. For 25% of graphene, the modulator has an active area of 1.68 µm 2 whereas with 100% graphene, the modulator occupies 6.72 µm 2 .…”

“…It should be further noted that the loss related to the ring's curvature as well as the graphene optical absorption are taken into account for the device's optimization by considering gap values satisfying the modulator's critical coupling condition. Moreover, the graphene's permittivity is obtained via the Kubo's formula [32], by substituting the results of its conductivity (for T = 300 K and Γ = 0.43 meV) into (2). Finally, we use the experimental values obtained from [35][36][37] for the refractive indexes of silicon, silica and alumina.…”

“…Currently, there is a rapid deployment of deep optical fibre in many countries as a direct result of the rollout of the fifth-generation mobile systems [1]. The deep fibre deployment provides connectivity mainly between central offices and remote radio head antennas [2]. This network segment, called mobile fronthaul, will be eventually based on millimeter wave spectrum technologies supporting higher bandwidth and data rates whilst coping with challenging energy consumption requirements [3].…”

Quality Improvement on RoF 5G Fronthaul System Design at Millimeter-wave with EDFA and FBG Techniques

“…Another promising transmission type is a link based on optical fiber that offers high bandwidth, robustness to electromagnetic interference, and low latency (Gangwar & Sharma, 2012). For cellular applications, it is potential for improved performance by applying wavelengthdense multiplexing and radio over fiber (RoF) with millimeter wave (Pandey et al, 2021;Raddo et al, 2019;Rommel et al, 2019Rommel et al, , 2020 The speed and high radio frequencies of radio over fiber with millimeter wave to develop a transmission link has offered milestones in high data transmission rates (Li et al, 2020). However, the previous research showed that the received power level is still above the sensitivity of optical detectors with the determined length applications of 5G fronthaul purposes; therefore, the data quality should be improved to comply with 5G standards (Nugroho et al, 2022).…”

Review on the Millimeter-Wave Generation Techniques Based on Photon Assisted for the RoF Network System

“…e RoF network system is a potential solution to increase the capacity and mobility of access networks and could also reduce the cost of access networks. And the current advanced mobile communication 5G and the future 6G technologies are all based on this technology [4]. e basic principle of RoF technology mainly consists of three parts: central stations (CSs), optical fiber, and base stations (BSs) [5].…”