The Optimization of Esterification Reaction for Biodiesel Production from Animal Fat

Bioliquids from raw waste animal fats: an alternative renewable energy source

“…These last values were in agreement with the results reported in the literature for Amberlyst-15 [28,86]. Selecting H 2 SO 4 as catalyst (0.5% w/w of the treated fat), the reaction time necessary to improve as much as possible the efficiency of the esterification process was 12 h. It is to note that under these conditions, the acid value was reduced to about 2 mg KOH/g (or 1% FFA), as previously suggested by many researchers using alkaline catalysis [16]. The yield of the reactions at 80 °C and at 100 °C was almost the same, with better results than the treatment at 60 °C.…”

“…1. The latter are appealing materials compared with vegetable oils, due to their good combustion properties (cetane number and heating value) [11][12][13][14][15] and the limited price [16], about a half, despite the more treatments required. Animal fats have generally less favorable physical-chemical features such as a higher amount of proteins and phosphoacylglycerols (requiring degumming processes) and of intrinsic water.…”

The activity and stability of CeO2@CaO catalysts for the production of biodiesel

“…Biodiesel has received increasing attention in recent years since it is renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic and harmless to humans and environments. 1,2 Its raw materials mainly include oil crops, plants, 3 animal fats 4 and catering waste oil, 5 which are low cost and readily available. Biodiesel is of high caloric value, has a stable combustion performance and can be used in compression-ignition engines.…”