The oral microbiome – friend or foe?

Kilian, Mogens

doi:10.1111/eos.12527

Cited by 98 publications

(76 citation statements)

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“…The odds of developing periodontitis (gum disease) are twice that of a nonsmoker [1,2]. Normally, the oral cavity hosts hundreds of bacterial species (both commensal and pathogenic) that form well-balanced polymicrobial communities adhering to oral surfaces to form biofilms [3][4][5]. Smoking is known to disrupt this balance [6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of Flavorless Electronic Cigarette-Generated Aerosol and Conventional Cigarette Smoke on the Planktonic Growth of Common Oral Commensal Streptococci

Nelson

Cuadra

Palazzolo

2019

IJERPH

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Background: Smoking is the number one predictor for the development of periodontal disease. Consequently, electronic cigarette (ECIG) use has prompted investigations into the health-related risks induced by ECIG-generated aerosol on oral commensal bacteria as compared to cigarette smoke. Since E-liquid contains fewer constituents than smoke, we hypothesize that growth media containing E-liquid or aerosol has less impact on oral commensal streptococci than cigarette smoke. Methods: Eight-hour growth curves were generated for three strains of streptococci following exposure of growth media to nicotine alone (0.05, 0.1, 0.2 mg/mL), E-liquid ± nicotine (2.3, 4.7, 7.0 µL/mL), ECIG-generated aerosol ± nicotine (25, 50, 75 puffs), or cigarette smoke (2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 puffs). Nicotine and E-liquid were added to the media at concentrations equivalent to vaporized amounts of 25, 50, or 75 puffs. Absorbance readings were taken at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h of bacterial growth. Results: Both E-liquid and aerosol (±nicotine) had little to no effect on eight-hour streptococcal growth. In contrast, five puffs of smoke inhibited streptococcal growth. Conclusions: Smoke-treated growth media, but not E-liquid or ECIG-generated aerosol, inhibits the growth of oral commensal streptococci. A possible implication is that aerosol may induce less periodontitis than smoke.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of Flavorless Electronic Cigarette-Generated Aerosol and Conventional Cigarette Smoke on the Planktonic Growth of Common Oral Commensal Streptococci

Nelson

Cuadra

Palazzolo

2019

IJERPH

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“…Dental caries is a multifactorial infectious disease that affects millions of people worldwide, causing a large burden on the public economy [1]. Recent opinions on caries aetiology have shifted from a focus on a single cariogenic bacterium (Streptococcus mutans) to an emphasis on the ecological balance and complexity within the entirety of the plaque microbiome [2]. Nevertheless, bacterial factors are still considered important for dental caries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial peptide GH12 targetsStreptococcus mutansto arrest caries development in rats

Wang

Zeng

et al. 2018

Journal of Oral Microbiology

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Background:Targeting Streptococcus mutans, the principle cariogenic bacterium, could prove to be an effective means of preventing dental caries. A de novo designed antimicrobial peptide, GH12, has shown bactericidal effects on S. mutans and inhibitory effects on virulence and regulatory systems of S. mutans. However, the effects of GH12 on caries remain to be elucidated.Objectives: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the direct effects of GH12 on caries and numbers of S. mutansin vivo.Design: The Keyes score was evaluated in a rodent model and in vivo S. mutans was quantified by qPCR. To further interpret the in vivo anticaries efficacy, an in vitro biofilm model using short-term treatments with GH12 mimicked treatments in vivo was adopted. Results: In vivo data showed that GH12 at 8 mg/L reduced the incidence and severity of caries. Furthermore, GH12-treated animals had less S. mutans infection. In vitro data revealed that GH12 reduced the number of S. mutans within the biofilm, as well as reducing lactic acid and water-insoluble EPS synthesis of S. mutans biofilms. Afterwards, all rats showed no significant difference in weight gain, and no sign of harm to the mucosa, indicating that GH12 possessed good biocompatibility in vivo.Conclusion: Due to the combined inhibitory effects of GH12 on the biomass and cariogenic properties of S. mutans biofilms, the population of S. mutans in vivo was reduced, residual S. mutans biofilms were less acidic and compact, and thereby the onset and development of caries were arrested. Such findings collectively certified the clinical prospects for GH12. ARTICLE HISTORY

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“…Factors contributing to fluctuations in the gastrointestinal microbiota have been well characterized across multiple species, however, many gaps remain in our understanding of the canine oral microbiota (4,9,23,26). The consistency in relative abundance shown in the current study demonstrates remarkable stability within the oral microbial ecosystem when faced with varied dietary protein sources, breed, sex and time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

An Assessment of the Stability of the Canine Oral Microbiota After Probiotic Administration in Healthy Dogs Over Time

Bell

Nash²,

Zanghi³

et al. 2020

Front. Vet. Sci.

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The administration of an oral probiotic has been demonstrated to impact oral microbial diversity in humans but has not been examined in canines. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that oral probiotic administration would impact the oral microbiota of canines compared to control. Working canines in training (n = 13) were assigned to Test or Control groups and acclimated to one of three commercially available study diets utilizing common protein sources (Purina Pro Plan Savor lamb, Purina Pro Plan Sport chicken, Purina Pro Plan Focus salmon) for a minimum of 30 days prior to initiation of the study. Following acclimation, dogs in the Test group began a daily regimen of oral probiotic (Fortiflora ® Purina, St. Louis, MO) top-dressed on their midday feeding. Control dogs received their midday feeding with no probiotic. All dogs were sampled once weekly via oral pediatric swabs across the 7-week study. Next generation sequencing (Illumina, MiSeq) was utilized to develop microbial profiles specific to treatment, diet, and time. Bacterial composition was dominated by eight phyla (Proteobacteria 43.8%, Bacteroidetes 22.5%, Firmicutes 18.9%, Actinobacteria 6.1%, Fusobacteria 3.6%, Gracilibacteria 2.1%, SR1 Absconditabacteria 1.5%, and Saccharibacteria 1.3%) representing more than 99% of the relative abundance of the microbial composition. Probiotic administration failed to impact relative abundance at any taxonomic level (P > 0.05). Similarly, no effect on the oral microbiota was measured for diet (P > 0.05). Comparison using a Jaccard Index demonstrate a consistent microbial profile over the 7-week study with no impact evidenced by study week (P = 0.19). The data also revealed a profile of ubiquitous taxa that were present across all dogs and all samples regardless of breed, sex, diet, treatment or other factors. These genera include Actinomyces, Corynebacterium, Capnocytophaga, Flavobacterium, Gemella, Abiotrophia, Streptococcus, and Frederiksenia. These data demonstrate the stability of canine oral microbiota over time.

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The oral microbiome – friend or foe?

Cited by 98 publications

References 98 publications

A Comparison of Flavorless Electronic Cigarette-Generated Aerosol and Conventional Cigarette Smoke on the Planktonic Growth of Common Oral Commensal Streptococci

A Comparison of Flavorless Electronic Cigarette-Generated Aerosol and Conventional Cigarette Smoke on the Planktonic Growth of Common Oral Commensal Streptococci

Antimicrobial peptide GH12 targetsStreptococcus mutansto arrest caries development in rats

An Assessment of the Stability of the Canine Oral Microbiota After Probiotic Administration in Healthy Dogs Over Time

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