The Oral Microbiota: Community Composition, Influencing Factors, Pathogenesis, and Interventions

Li, Xinyi; Liu, Yanmei; Yang, Xingyou; Li, Chengwen; Song, Zhimin

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.895537

Cited by 126 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 244 publications

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“…Testing of the saliva reveals microorganisms from various oral niches, but studies have demonstrated that it will not represent the entire oral microbiome [ 14 ]. However, tooth surfaces provide an ideal environment for bacterial growth and formation of dental plaque, so they will represent a higher microbial richness and diversity [ 15 ]. Besides preventing biofilm-related infections, the analysis of the sensitivity, specificity, and amount of the bacteria in the microbiome plays a decisive role in a targeted antibiotic regimen [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sonication versus the conventional method for evaluation of the dental microbiome: a prospective pilot study

et al. 2022

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Objectives To investigate sonication as a new tool in microbiological probing of dental infections. Methods Comparison of a standard probing method: intraoperative swab, with sonication, and vortex of the removed tooth, was performed on 20 carious destructed teeth. Illumina high throughput sequencing of the 16S-rRNA-gene was used for assessing the microbial composition. Antibiotic susceptibility has been assigned based on known resistances of each detected species. Probing procedures were compared using Bland–Altmann-Test, and antibiotic susceptibility using the Friedmann-Test and alpha-adjusted post-hoc-analysis. Results In total, 60 samples were analysed: 20 intraoperative swabs, 20 vortex fluids, and 20 sonication fluids. Sonication fluid yielded the highest number of bacterial sequencing reads in all three procedures. Comparing the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of the identified bacteria, significantly more OTUs were found in sonication fluid samples. Phylum and order abundances varied between the three procedures. Significantly more Actinomycetales have been found in sonication fluid samples compared to swab samples. The assigned resistance rates for the identified bacteria (1.79–31.23%) showed no differences between the tested probing procedures. The lowest resistance rates were found for amoxicillin + clavulanate (3.95%) and levofloxacin (3.40%), with the highest in amoxicillin (30.21%) and clindamycin (21.88%). Conclusions By using sonication on extracted teeth, it is possible to get a more comprehensive image of the residing microbial flora compared to the standard procedure. If sonication is not available, vortexing is a potential alternative. In immunocompromised patients, especially when actinomycosis is suspected, sonication should be considered for a more detailed microbiological evaluation of the potential disease-causing microbiome. Due to the high rates of antibiotic resistance, a more targeted antibiotic therapy is favourable. Levofloxacin should be considered as a first-line alternative to amoxicillin + clavulanate in patients with an allergy to penicillin.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sonication versus the conventional method for evaluation of the dental microbiome: a prospective pilot study

et al. 2022

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“…This study reports the first evidence that the periodontal interventional interventions, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, probiotic therapy, quorum quenching therapy, phage therapy, fluoride nanophase materials, and oral hygiene products based on natural extracts may alter the oral microbiota, but conclusive data is still lacking 36) . Since salivary microbiota is relatively stable 37,38) , the possibility of controlling the salivary microbiota by dental procedures is an issue for future study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Salivary Microbiota Associated with Peripheral Microvascular Endothelial Dysfunction

Kato-Kogoe

Kamiya

Sakaguchi

et al. 2023

JAT

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Aims: Oral health is associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD). We previously identified the salivary microbiota characteristics of patients with ACVD. However, whether salivary microbiota is characteristic under impaired vascular endothelial function before ACVD onset remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the characteristics of salivary microbiota associated with peripheral microvascular endothelial dysfunction. Methods:We collected saliva samples from 172 community-dwelling elderly individuals without a history of ACVD and performed 16S rRNA metagenomic analysis. We assessed the peripheral microvascular endothelial function using reactive hyperemia index (RHI) and compared the salivary microbiota in the groups with normal (RHI ≥ 2.10), borderline, and abnormal (RHI ＜1.67) peripheral endothelial function. Furthermore, we applied machine learning techniques to evaluate whether salivary microbiota could discriminate between individuals with normal and abnormal endothelial function. Results:The number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was higher in the abnormal group than in the normal group (p=0.037), and differences were found in the overall salivary microbiota structure (unweighted UniFrac distances, p=0.038). The linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) algorithm revealed several significantly differentially abundant bacterial genera between the two groups. An Extra Trees classifier model was built to discriminate between groups with normal and abnormal vascular endothelial function based on the microbial composition at the genus level (AUC=0.810). Conclusions:The salivary microbiota in individuals with endothelial dysfunction was distinct from that in individuals with normal endothelial function, indicating that the salivary microbiota may be related to endothelial function.

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“…Our results suggest that the oral microbiota was not significantly different between PLWH and SN. The oral microbiota has been extensively studied ( Li et al, 2022 ). This is due to the new insights into the role of the latter in periodontal diseases and systemic diseases including cardiovascular diseases ( Peng et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mucosal immune cell populations and the bacteriome of adenoids and tonsils from people living with HIV on suppressive antiretroviral therapy

et al. 2022

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Ear, nose, and throat (ENT) conditions are prevalent in people living with HIV (PLWH) and occur at all strata of CD4 counts and despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). ENT conditions are underreported in PLWH. Also, little is known about the adenotonsillar microbiota and its relation to resident adaptive and innate immune cells. To bridge this gap, we characterized immune cell populations and the bacterial microbiota of two anatomical sites (adenoids, tonsils) and the oral cavity. Adenoids and tonsils were obtained from PLWH (n = 23) and HIV-seronegative individuals (SN, n = 16) after nasal surgery and tonsillectomy and processed for flow cytometry. Nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal swabs, and oral rinses were collected prior to surgery for 16S sequencing. Wilcoxon rank sum test, principal coordinate analysis, permutational multivariate analysis of variance, and linear discriminant analysis (LEfSe) were used to assess differences between PLWH and SN. Spearman’s correlations were performed to explore interactions between the bacteriome and mucosal immune cells. Of the 39 individuals included, 30 (77%) were men; the median age was 32 years. All PLWH were on ART, with a median CD4 of 723 cells. ENT conditions were classified as inflammatory or obstructive, with no differences observed between PLWH and SN. PLWH had higher frequencies of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, increased T helper (Th)1 and decreased Th2 cells; no differences were observed for B cells and innate immune cells. Alpha diversity was comparable between PLWH and SN at all 3 anatomical sites (adenoids, tonsils, and oral cavity). The impact of HIV infection on the bacterial community structure at each site, as determined by Permutational multivariate analysis of variance, was minor and not significant. Two discriminant genera were identified in adenoids using LEfSe: Staphylococcus for PLWH and Corynebacterium for SN. No discriminant genera were identified in the oropharynx and oral cavity. Niche-specific differences in microbial diversity and communities were observed. PLWH shared less of a core microbiota than SN. In the oropharynx, correlation analysis revealed that Th17 cells were inversely correlated with bacterial richness and diversity, Filifactor, Actinomyces and Treponema; and positively correlated with Streptococcus. Our study contributes toward understanding the role of the adenotonsillar microbiota in the pathophysiology of ENT conditions.

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The Oral Microbiota: Community Composition, Influencing Factors, Pathogenesis, and Interventions

Cited by 126 publications

References 244 publications

Sonication versus the conventional method for evaluation of the dental microbiome: a prospective pilot study

Sonication versus the conventional method for evaluation of the dental microbiome: a prospective pilot study

Salivary Microbiota Associated with Peripheral Microvascular Endothelial Dysfunction

Mucosal immune cell populations and the bacteriome of adenoids and tonsils from people living with HIV on suppressive antiretroviral therapy

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