The orbicularis oculi reflex in multiple sclerosis

Namerow, Norman S.; Etemadi, Abbas

doi:10.1212/wnl.20.12.1200

Cited by 58 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…We considered the level for reappearance of the unilateral orbicular reflex in our traumatic coma series and localised the centre for the R1 component of the blink reflex in the upper pens as previously suggested by Tokunaga (1958), Lyon and Van Allen (1972), Kimura (1970Kimura ( , 1971Kimura ( and 1973, Namerow andEtemadi (1970), andNamerow (1973).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The blink reflex in coma and after recovery from coma

Serrats¹,

Parker²,

Merino-Cañas³

1976

Acta neurochir

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Comparative studies of the blink reflex in a series of head injuries through the stages of coma and recovery from coma in a series of miscellaneous hemispheral lesions, and in a normal series, reveals that, although the principal centre for the R1 component of the blink reflex seems to be localised in the upper pons, the seat of the R2 late component is in the reticular system. The reappearance of this late component of the blink reflex in our cases of coma although seeming to depend on the integrity of the mesencephalic formation, correlates with the recovery of the patient's alertness. On the other hand, habituation of this reflex depends on the integrity of global cognitive function, rather than on any localised centre. The roles of the cortex, selective attention, and emotional factors, are discussed. The recovery of the normal habituation of the blink reflex obtained by glabellar tapping was found to be a useful sign in the follow up of patients recovering from concussion and other lesions, such as subdural haematomas and brain tumours, with global mental impairment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The blink reflex in coma and after recovery from coma

Serrats¹,

Parker²,

Merino-Cañas³

1976

Acta neurochir

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“…This appears to be related to such factors as: whether the patient blinked just prior to the stimulus or whether or not the stimulus was delivered prior to an adequate rest period. Because of this variability, amplitude was considered as an unreliable index and was not used for analysis [7]. …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blink Reflex Abnormalities in Chronic Alcoholics

Nazlıel¹,

Arikan²,

İrkeç³

et al. 2004

Eur Neurol

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Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of blink reflex as a method for obtaining early diagnosis of cranial nerve involvement in alcoholic patients. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 30 male alcoholics with a mean age of 43 years. They had histories of alcohol abuse for at least 6 years (mean: 25). At the time of recording, they had undergone detoxification treatment for a mean of 27 days. Results: R1 (early response), R2Y (second ipsilateral response), and R2C (second contralateral response) latencies in alcoholics were prolonged relative to controls and the differences were statistically significant (p < 0.02, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). According to the defined criteria, 40% of the patients had abnormal responses, and the most common abnormality was the unilateral prolongation of R1 (13%). Conclusion: Finding abnormal blink reflex responses in alcoholic patients has suggested that blink reflex testing is a useful method for the evaluation of subclinical cranial nerve involvement in alcoholic patients. Blink reflex testing may be useful in detecting early changes and in the follow-up of alcoholic disorder.

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“…Because of these observations, amplitude were considered an unreliable index and was not used as a major index of an abnormality. 17 The ethics committee at Gazi University Faculty of Medicine in Ankara approved the study protocol. All patients gave signed informed consent.…”

Section: Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blink Reflex in Hypothyroidism

Nazlıel¹,

Ylmaz²,

Mustafa³

et al. 2007

The Endocrinologist

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Aim:The aim of the present study was to evaluate the usefulness of the blink reflex as a method for obtaining an early diagnosis of central nervous system dysfunction in hypothyroid patients who do not have signs or symptoms of nervous system dysfunction. Materials and Methods: Forty-two patients (3 males, 39 females), mean age 40 (Ϯ11), with newly diagnosed primary hypothyroidism and 30 healthy control subjects were included in the study. In all patients, the cause of hypothyroidism was chronic autoimmune thyroiditis. For blink reflex testing, subjects lay supine on a bed in a warm room with eyes gently closed. Recordings were performed with an EMG machine (Nihon Kohden/Neuropack), with a filter setting of 20 Hz to 10 kHz, using an analysis time of 50 ms. Recordings were performed with surface recording electrodes (Dantec 13K60, Copenhagen, Denmark). Results: Second ipsilateral response (R2Y) and second contralateral response (R2C) latencies in hypothyroidism were prolonged relative to controls, and the differences were statistically significant (P Ͻ 0.001 and P Ͻ 0.001, respectively). Latency of R1, R2Y, and R2C did not correlate with free T3, free T4, or TSH values in the hypothyroid group. Conclusion: The finding of abnormal blink reflex responses in hypothyroid individuals raises the notion that they may be useful in detecting early changes and in the follow-up of the patients with the disorder.

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The orbicularis oculi reflex in multiple sclerosis

Cited by 58 publications

References 0 publications

The blink reflex in coma and after recovery from coma

The blink reflex in coma and after recovery from coma

Blink Reflex Abnormalities in Chronic Alcoholics

Blink Reflex in Hypothyroidism

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