THE ORGANIC MATRIX FROM OYSTER SHELL AS A REGULATOR OF CALCIFICATION<i>IN VIVO</i>

Sikes, C. Steven; Wheeler, A. P.

doi:10.2307/1541857

Cited by 30 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…From 29 to 48 hpf, evident malformations and dramatic alterations of shell calcification and growth were also observed. As in other bivalves, in early mussel larvae tyrosinase activity might be related to some sort of maturation process of the organic matrix [27,39] that allows the next calcification step in terms of homogeneous and organized CaCO 3 deposition [40]. The presence of a chitin binding domain in TYR further supports a physiological role for tyrosinase activity in correct chitin remodelling not only during organic matrix formation, but also in subsequent shell growth and calcification.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Characterization of the main steps in first shell formation in Mytilus galloprovincialis : possible role of tyrosinase

et al. 2019

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Bivalve biomineralization is a highly complex and organized process, involving several molecular components identified in adults and larval stages. However, information is still scarce on the ontogeny of the organic matrix before calcification occurs. In this work, first shell formation was investigated in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis . The time course of organic matrix and CaCO 3 deposition were followed at close times post fertilization (24, 26, 29, 32, 48 h) by calcofluor and calcein staining, respectively. Both components showed an exponential trend in growth, with a delay between organic matrix and CaCO 3 deposition. mRNA levels of genes involved in matrix deposition (chitin synthase; tyrosinase- TYR) and calcification (carbonic anhydrase; extrapallial protein) were quantified by qPCR at 24 and 48 hours post fertilization (hpf) with respect to eggs. All transcripts were upregulated across early development, with TYR showing highest mRNA levels from 24 hpf. TYR transcripts were closely associated with matrix deposition as shown by in situ hybridization. The involvement of tyrosinase activity was supported by data obtained with the enzyme inhibitor N-phenylthiourea. Our results underline the pivotal role of shell matrix in driving first CaCO 3 deposition and the importance of tyrosinase in the formation of the first shell in M. galloprovincialis .

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Characterization of the main steps in first shell formation in Mytilus galloprovincialis : possible role of tyrosinase

et al. 2019

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“…That the apparently large SM would be mobile through the cellular and membranous layers that surround the spicule, or remain intact if it did so seemed unlikely. However, recent evidence suggests that at least some of the matrix supplied as an additive to the external medium does reach the spicules (Sikes and Wheeler, 1986). Alternatively, or possibly in conjunction with the above action, the SM could affect Ca2+ or HC03-uptake and/or transport.…”

Section: Effects On In Vitro Nucleation Of Calcium Carbonatementioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis and function of organic matrix from sea urchin tests

1986

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The organic matrix from sea urchin tests was extracted using 2% acetic acid. This material contained 8145% protein, 14-19% carbohydrate, and < 1% phosphate. The whole matrix was separated into aqueous soluble and insoluble fractions to determine their individual characteristics and functional activities. Electrophoresis of the soluble matrix (SM) resulted in a single band of approximately 170kD. The SM was capable of inhibiting in vitro CaC03 precipitation (at nanomolar concentrations) in solutions supersaturated with Ca2+ and C032-. It was also capable of inhibiting CaC03 spicule formation in sea urchin larvae at 10 pg SM per ml of larvae as measured by 14C incorporation. The insoluble matrix (IM) fraction had a higher protein content than the SM component and a lower PO4 content.That the SM from urchin tests is capable of inhibiting both in vitro crystallization and organismal calcification lends credence to its probable role as a mineralization regulator. What role it plays in vivo can only be surmised at this point, and whether or not this role is the same when it acts in conjunction with other components of matrix is unknown.

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“…Calcite has lower organic content and a lower packing density of calcium and carbonate ions than aragonite [26] . Additionally, calcifiers experiencing OA stress may not have sufficient energy to construct the matrix proteins which are responsible for enhancing mechanical strength [27] . Secreting matrix proteins, such as the phosphate containing proteins known to stabilize ACC, is a vital process in shell production from the very initial stages often begun during the sensitve pelagic larval phase [28] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CO2-Driven Ocean Acidification Alters and Weakens Integrity of the Calcareous Tubes Produced by the Serpulid Tubeworm, Hydroides elegans

Chan

Lane

et al. 2012

PLoS ONE

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As a consequence of anthropogenic CO2-driven ocean acidification (OA), coastal waters are becoming increasingly challenging for calcifiers due to reductions in saturation states of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) minerals. The response of calcification rate is one of the most frequently investigated symptoms of OA. However, OA may also result in poor quality calcareous products through impaired calcification processes despite there being no observed change in calcification rate. The mineralogy and ultrastructure of the calcareous products under OA conditions may be altered, resulting in changes to the mechanical properties of calcified structures. Here, the warm water biofouling tubeworm, Hydroides elegans, was reared from larva to early juvenile stage at the aragonite saturation state (ΩA) for the current pCO2 level (ambient) and those predicted for the years 2050, 2100 and 2300. Composition, ultrastructure and mechanical strength of the calcareous tubes produced by those early juvenile tubeworms were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nanoindentation. Juvenile tubes were composed primarily of the highly soluble CaCO3 mineral form, aragonite. Tubes produced in seawater with aragonite saturation states near or below one had significantly higher proportions of the crystalline precursor, amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) and the calcite/aragonite ratio dramatically increased. These alterations in tube mineralogy resulted in a holistic deterioration of the tube hardness and elasticity. Thus, in conditions where ΩA is near or below one, the aragonite-producing juvenile tubeworms may no longer be able to maintain the integrity of their calcification products, and may result in reduced survivorship due to the weakened tube protection.

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THE ORGANIC MATRIX FROM OYSTER SHELL AS A REGULATOR OF CALCIFICATIONIN VIVO

Cited by 30 publications

References 39 publications

Characterization of the main steps in first shell formation in Mytilus galloprovincialis : possible role of tyrosinase

Characterization of the main steps in first shell formation in Mytilus galloprovincialis : possible role of tyrosinase

Analysis and function of organic matrix from sea urchin tests

CO2-Driven Ocean Acidification Alters and Weakens Integrity of the Calcareous Tubes Produced by the Serpulid Tubeworm, Hydroides elegans

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