The organisation of the bilingual lexicon: a PET study

Bleser, Ria De; Dupont, Patrick; Postler, Jenny; Bormans, Guy; Speelman, Dirk; Mortelmans, Luc; Debrock, Mark

doi:10.1016/s0911-6044(03)00022-8

Cited by 97 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…As mentioned above, the effect in the electrophysiological data was relatively small, in contrast to robust effects in the behavioral data. In a recent PET imaging study (De Bleser et al, 2003), no clear differences were reported between L1 and L2 cognates and non-cognates other than an increased activation for L2 non-cognates over frontal and temporo-parietal areas. This may suggest that no strong differences in the substrates are involved.…”

Section: The Cognate Facilitation Effectmentioning

confidence: 83%

Bilingual language control: An event-related brain potential study

2007

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This study addressed how bilingual speakers switch between their first and second language when speaking. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and naming latencies were measured while unbalanced German (L1)-Dutch (L2) speakers performed a picture-naming task. Participants named pictures either in their L1 or in their L2 (blocked language conditions), or participants switched between their first and second language unpredictably (mixed language condition). Furthermore, form similarity between translation equivalents (cognate status) was manipulated. A cognate facilitation effect was found for L1 and L2 indicating phonological activation of the non-response language in blocked and mixed language conditions. The ERP data also revealed small but reliable effects of cognate status. IntroductionBilingual speakers show remarkable flexibility in their ability to control their language output. They can restrict their speech to one language only but also intentionally switch between languages in bilingual settings. The question arises how bilinguals select the intended language and what mechanisms they rely on when switching from one language to the other. Bilinguals vary in proficiency of their second language ranging from very high levels of proficiency (highly proficient bilinguals or balanced bilinguals) to low levels of proficiency (L2 learners and L2 attriters). Even highly proficient bilinguals usually have a dominant and a non-dominant language which is reflected, for instance, in faster picture-naming latencies for their first compared to their second language (e.g., Chen and Leung, 1989;Christoffels et al., 2006;Potter et al., 1984). However, under language switching conditions, this difference in naming latencies between L1 and L2 may disappear or even reverse, with shorter picture-naming latencies for the second than the first language (Costa and Santesteban, 2004;Costa et al., 2006;Meuter and Allport, 1999;Philipp et al., 2006; see also Kroll et al., 2006). Switching between languages may therefore profoundly affect production in the native tongue. In this study, we address intentional language switching and the impact of the bilingual switching context on distinguishing transient and sustained components of language control.

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Section: The Cognate Facilitation Effectmentioning

confidence: 83%

Bilingual language control: An event-related brain potential study

2007

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“…Previous studies showed that these regions would be activated in bilingual production tasks and other bilingual processing tasks involving phonological and semantic retrieval (Bleser et al, 2003;Chee et al, 1999Chee et al, , 2001Chee et al, , 2003Klein et al, 1995Klein et al, , 1999Klein et al, , 2006Price et al, 1999;Tan et al, 2005).…”

Section: Imaging Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural bases of asymmetric language switching in second-language learners: An ER-fMRI study

et al. 2007

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Using the ER-fMRI technique, the present study was designed to investigate the neural substrates of language switching among secondlanguage learners. Twelve Chinese college students who were learning English were scanned when they performed language switching tasks (naming pictures in their first [L1, Chinese] and second [L2, English] languages according to response cues). Compared to non-switching conditions, language switching elicited greater activation in the right superior prefrontal cortex (BA9/10/32), left middle and superior frontal cortex (BA8/9/46), and right middle cingulum and caudate (BA11). When the direction of switching was considered, forward switching (from L1 to L2), but not backward switching (from L2 to L1), activated several brain regions related to executive functions (i.e., bilateral frontal cortices and left ACC) relative to non-switching conditions. These results suggest that neural correlates of language switching differ depending on the direction of the switch and that there does not seem to be a specific brain area acting as a "language switch".

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“…This generalization must be qualified, however, as the degree of similarity varies from study to study. Moreover, what is meant by "production" is also quite variable, with tasks ranging from word repetition (Klein, Zatorre, Milner, Meyer, & Evans, 1994), to (typically cued) word generation (Chee, Tan, & Thiel, 1999;Klein et al, 1995), to sentence generation (Kim et al, 1997), to cognate and noncognate naming (De Bleser et al, 2003). Finally, from study to study, there are exposure differences and degree of proficiency differences that make comparisons and generalizations difficult.…”

Section: Comparing L1 Processing and L2 Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age and Second Language Acquisition and Processing: A Selective Overview

2006

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This article provides a selective overview of theoretical issues and empirical findings relating to the question of age and second language acquisition (L2A). Both behavioral and brain-based data are discussed in the contexts of neurocognitive aging and cognitive neurofunction in the mature individual. Moving beyond the classical notion of "deficient" L2 processing and acquisition, we consider the complementary question of learner potential in postadolescent L2A.The outcome of second language acquisition (L2A) among adults is demonstrably different in many respects from the outcome of first language acquisition (L1A) among children. Departing from this basic observation, researchers attempt to understand the various sources of age-related effects in L2A.The present article is an overview of facts and theoretical issues concerning age and L2A. This contribution considers both behavioral data and brain-based processing data. The review includes findings and controversies in the areas of neurocognitive development and aging, and cognitive neurofunction in the mature brain.A comprehensive treatment of the facts and issues is not possible in the space available. It is hoped, nevertheless, that this selective offering provides useful scaffolding for other articles in

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The organisation of the bilingual lexicon: a PET study

Cited by 97 publications

References 51 publications

Bilingual language control: An event-related brain potential study

Bilingual language control: An event-related brain potential study

Neural bases of asymmetric language switching in second-language learners: An ER-fMRI study

Age and Second Language Acquisition and Processing: A Selective Overview

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