The organisation of the multigene family which encodes the major cell surface protein, pMGA, of <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i>

Markham, Philip F.; Glew, Michelle D.; Sykes, Jane E.; Bowden, T. R.; Pollocks, T. D.; Browning, Glenn F.; Whithear, Kevin G.; Walker, Ian D.

doi:10.1016/0014-5793(94)00991-0

Cited by 80 publications

(123 citation statements)

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Section: -7247 G 2004 Sgm Printed In Great Britain 4009mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Variable proteins are often subjected to both size and phase variation, and many are members of multigene families. The proteins of a multigene family are often differentially expressed, and chromosomal rearrangements occur to allow transcription of one gene instead of another (Lysnyansky et al, 1999;Citti et al, 2000;Markham et al, 1994Markham et al, , 1999 FlitmanTene et al, 2000; Glew et al, 2000; Roske et al, 2001;Shen et al, 2000;Horino et al, 2003;Noormohammadi et al, 1998).Mmymy SC was originally thought not to exhibit intraclonal variability, but a variable surface protein Vmm (Persson et al, 2002) that undergoes reversible phase variation has recently been identified. The vmm gene has been demonstrated in all Mmymy SC strains as a single copy and is regulated at the transcriptional level by dinucleotide (AT) insertions or deletions in a repetitive region of the promoter spacer.…”

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Variability of a glucose phosphotransferase system permease in Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony

Gaurivaud¹,

Persson

Grand

et al. 2004

Microbiology

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Intraclonal antigenic variation in pathogenic mycoplasma species is considered an important feature of host-pathogen interaction. Such intraclonal protein variation was observed for the interaction of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony, the agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, with mAb 3F3. Colony immunostaining allows the definition of 3F3 ON-and 3F3 OFF-type variants, which revert at low frequency. Targets of mAb 3F3 were shown to be surface located, and resided on multiple polypeptides in the 58-68 kDa size range. Phage display and a genomic database were combined to determine the gene encoding the proteins recognized by mAb 3F3. A gene encoding the putative permease of the glucose phosphotransferase system was identified. Genome sequence analysis of strain PG1 revealed two highly similar copies of this gene, resulting from duplication of the chromosomal region carrying the gene. Southern blot analysis demonstrated the presence of this duplication in almost every African strain tested, but not in European strains. DNA analysis revealed that ON/OFF switching is governed by a base substitution occurring upstream of the coding region for the 3F3 epitope. This event generates a stop codon that results in the premature termination of the PtsG protein. INTRODUCTIONMycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides biotype Small Colony (Mmymy SC) belongs to the class Mollicutes, trivial name mycoplasma, whose members are distinguished from other bacteria by their minute size and total lack of a rigid cell wall. Mmymy SC is the aetiological agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), a highly contagious respiratory disease in cattle. CBPP is the only bacterial disease included in the A list of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), which contains prioritized communicable animal diseases. During the nineteenth century, CBPP spread throughout the world, causing extensive losses in livestock. By prohibiting cattle movement, and by a programme of slaughtering and vaccination, CBPP was eradicated during the twentieth century, except in Africa and limited areas of Europe and Asia. Since the late 1980s, CBPP has become the major infectious disease affecting livestock in Africa, and the number of countries with CBPP-infected animals rose dramatically from 15 in the late 1970s to 26 in 2002 [Nicholas et al., 2000; OIE official data (www.oie.int)]. CBPP was thought to be almost eradicated from Europe by the early twentieth century, and until the 1960s only a few sporadic outbreaks continued to occur in the Iberian Peninsula. However, from 1980 onwards, hundreds of outbreaks were reported in France, Portugal, Spain and Italy. Control programmes were set up and no case of CBPP has been officially documented in Europe since 1999 (Portugal).Abbreviations: CBPP, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia; glucose PTS, phosphoenolpyruvate : glucose phosphotransferase system; HSA, human serum albumin; Mmymy SC, Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides biotype Small Colony. 0002-7247 G 2004 SGM Printed in Great Britain 4009Mic...

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Section: -7247 G 2004 Sgm Printed In Great Britain 4009mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Variability of a glucose phosphotransferase system permease in Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony

Gaurivaud¹,

Persson

Grand

et al. 2004

Microbiology

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“…The size of this message corresponded to the length of the vlhA gene from the transcriptional initiation site (Noormohammadi et al, 2000) to the predicted transcriptional termination site (stem loop). Thus, as in M. gallisepticum (Markham et al, 1994;Glew et al, 1995), the vlhA gene transcript in M. synoviae is monocistronic. In an earlier study (Noormohammadi et al, 1997) we described two clones of M. synoviae that differed in their capacity to adsorb red blood cells and to express the fulllength vlhA gene products, MSPB and MSPA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Organization of theMycoplasma synoviaeWVU 1853^TvlhAgene locus

2006

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Mycoplasma synoviae causes respiratory disease and synovitis in poultry. It has two major membrane antigens of approximately 45 to 50 kDa, MSPA and MSPB. Both MSPA and MSPB are encoded by a single gene, vlhA (variable lipoprotein and haemagglutinin), possibly with a post-translational cleavage generating the two proteins. The vlhA gene belongs to a large multigene family, but only one vlhA gene is expressed in any single cell; the other vlhA genes/fragments are transcriptionally silent. In order to characterize the vlhA gene locus, DNA fragments were cloned from three different M. synoviae WVU 1853T genomic DNA libraries and their nucleotide sequences were fully or partially determined. Analysis of the resultant nucleotide sequences identified a transcriptional termination signal for the expressed vlhA gene, determined the genes located downstream of the expressed vlhA gene and revealed that vlhA pseudogenes were arranged as tandem repeats upstream (843 base pairs) of the expressed vlhA gene. In order to determine whether vlhA was expressed as a monocistronic or polycistronic message, RNA from two M. synoviae clones expressing truncated or full-length versions of the vlhA gene product were purified and examined by northern blotting. Messages corresponding to the full length of the vlhA gene (approximately 2.4 kb) were detected in both clones, suggesting that truncation of the vlhA gene product was probably post-transcriptional. These studies have revealed the organization of the M. synoviae vlhA gene locus and established that the vlhA gene transcript is monocistronic.

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“…Identification of T and B cell epitopes on different Mycoplasma strains become even more relevant since evasion mechanisms used by these bacteria to escape host immune response are based on antigen mimicry and antigenic variability (Markham et al, 1994;Wren, 2000 (Figure 1). The S 263 -D 277 peptides represent the most conserved B cell epitope which possesses 100% identity with peptides of the VhlA from the M. synoviae K1968, MS-H, ULB925 and ULB925KF strains and also with M. gallisepticum S6 and R strains (Table 3).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Printed in Brazil www.sbg.org.br Escaping the host immune system is of critical importance to mycoplasma survival within its host. The major survival mechanisms that have been extensively studied are molecular mimicry and phenotype plasticity which ensure that mycoplasmas are not fully nor efficiently recognized by the host immune system (Markham et al, 1994;Wren, 2000). Molecular mimicry refers to antigenic epitopes that are shared by different mycoplasmas and host cells and they are considered as putative factors involved in the evasion of host defense mechanisms (Rottem, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular characterization and T and B cell epitopes prediction of Mycoplasma synoviae 53 strain VlhA hemagglutinin

et al. 2007

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Mycoplasma sinoviae is a major pathogen of poultry causing synovitis and respiratory infection. M. synoviae hemagglutinin (VlhA) is a lipoprotein encoded by related multigene families that appear to have arisen by horizontal gene transfer. It is an abundant immunodominant surface protein involved in host-parasite interaction mediating binding to host erythrocytes. Herein, we have performed in silico analysis of the vlhA gene product from the Mycoplasma synoviae 53 strain and compared it to the VlhA protein of M. synoviae WUV1853 strain. The VlhA of the M. synoviae 53 strain possesses 569 amino acids and showed 85% identity with the VlhA protein of the M. synoviae WUV1853 strain. Further, a signal peptide was identified from amino acid M 1 to D 28 and a cleavage site between D 28 and Q 29 , both located in the N-terminal domain of the molecule. Additionally, an insertion of PAPT amino acids was observed between T 30 -P 35 and a deletion of the amino acids GTPGNP within the PRR region of the VlhA from the M. synoviae 53 strain, which may be related to its reduced virulence. Finally, we have identified 17 B cell epitopes and 22 T cells epitopes within the VlhA from the M. synoviae 53 strain. The B cell epitope S 263 -D 277 and the T cell epitopes N 45 -N 54 and G 58 -N 67 showed 100% and 87-100% identity, respectively, with regions of VlhA protein of tested Mycoplasma synoviae and Mycoplasma galisepticum strains. Thus, these peptides represent new candidate molecules for the development of efficient diagnostic assays and new subunit vaccines.

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The organisation of the multigene family which encodes the major cell surface protein, pMGA, of Mycoplasma gallisepticum

Cited by 80 publications

References 10 publications

Variability of a glucose phosphotransferase system permease in Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony

Variability of a glucose phosphotransferase system permease in Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony

Organization of theMycoplasma synoviaeWVU 1853^TvlhAgene locus

Molecular characterization and T and B cell epitopes prediction of Mycoplasma synoviae 53 strain VlhA hemagglutinin

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The organisation of the multigene family which encodes the major cell surface protein, pMGA, of Mycoplasma gallisepticum

Cited by 80 publications

References 10 publications

Variability of a glucose phosphotransferase system permease in Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony

Variability of a glucose phosphotransferase system permease in Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony

Organization of theMycoplasma synoviaeWVU 1853TvlhAgene locus

Molecular characterization and T and B cell epitopes prediction of Mycoplasma synoviae 53 strain VlhA hemagglutinin

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Organization of theMycoplasma synoviaeWVU 1853^TvlhAgene locus