The Organization of the Illegal Tiger Parts Trade in China

Wong, Rebecca

doi:10.1093/bjc/azv080

Cited by 40 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Thus, the consumption of medicinal ingredients is not always of immediate medical necessity, as some are consumed as food or tonics to boost overall health (Chau & Wu, 2006; Koo, 1984; Smith, 2018a). For example, tiger bone (虎骨/虎骨/ hǔ gǔ ; Panthera tigris ) is used in the treatment of rheumatic pains, but is also prepared into wine and drunk to strengthen bones (Bensky et al., 2004; Gratwicke et al., 2008; Wong, 2016).…”

Section: Starting With An Open Mind: a Conservationist's Guide To Tcmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Traditional Chinese Medicine to strengthen conservation outcomes

et al. 2020

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Section: Starting With An Open Mind: a Conservationist's Guide To Tcmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Traditional Chinese Medicine to strengthen conservation outcomes

et al. 2020

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“…Tiger parts, especially skins, teeth, meat, and bones, are in trade as decorations, jewelry, luxury food, and traditional medicine (Stoner 2014;Loginov & Loginova 2017). Much of the trade in tiger and lion body parts is driven by Chinese demand (Wong 2015) and, to a lesser degree, demand in other Asian countries (Nijman & Shepherd 2015;Saif et al 2016). For instance, individual wild cats or their parts (teeth and claws) accounted for 31% of all mammal seizures in airports worldwide; China was the most recorded destination (Center for Advanced Defense Studies 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Illegal trade in wild cats and its link to Chinese‐led development in Central and South America

Morcatty

Macedo²,

Nekaris

et al. 2020

Conservation Biology

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Seizures of hundreds of jaguar heads and canines in Central and South America from 2014 to 2018 resulted in worldwide media coverage suggesting that wildlife traffickers are trading jaguar body parts as substitutes for tiger parts to satisfy the demand for traditional Asian medicine. We compiled a data set of >1000 seized wild cats (jaguar [Panthera onca], puma [Puma concolor], and ocelot [Leopardus pardalis]) from 19 Central and South American countries and China. We ran generalized additive mixed models to detect trends in wild-cat seizures from 2012 to 2018 and assess the effects of socioeconomic factors of source countries and between those countries and China on the number of wild cats seized. Jaguar seizures increased over time, and most of the seized jaguar pieces were canines (1991 of 2117). Around 34% (32 of 93) of the jaguar-part seizure reports were linked with China, and these seizures contained 14-fold more individuals than those intended for domestic markets. Source countries with relatively high levels of corruption and Chinese private investment and low income per capita had 10-50 times more jaguar seizures than the remaining sampled countries. The number of Chinese residents in Central and South America was not significantly related to the number of jaguars seized. No socioeconomic factors influenced the seizures of puma and ocelots. Legal market chains may provide structure for the illegal chain; thus, the influx of illegal jaguar products is potentially a side effect of the economic partnership between Central and South American countries and China. Poverty and high levels of corruption in the source countries may motivate local people to engage in illegal activities and contribute to the growth of this trade. Supply-side interventions to curb this threat to Neotropical wild cats may include improved training for officials and promotion of governance and the value of protecting these animals to local people.

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“…This place is also a source of distribution of wild animals and their parts to almost every region of the world ( van Uhm and Wong, 2019 ; Veríssimo et al, 2012 ; Wyatt et al, 2020 ). At the same time, research into illegal wildlife trade in the region, and especially in China, is scarce ( Petrossian et al, 2016 ; van Uhm, 2016a , van Uhm, 2016b ; van Uhm and Wong, 2019 ; Wong, 2015a , Wong, 2015b ). As a result of the recent episodes of animal virus transmission to humans, wet markets, popular in China (e.g., in Wuhan) that offer wild animals for consumption and for their use in traditional medicine have become the cause of intense international debate on zoonoses.…”

Section: Limitation To Wildlife Tradementioning

confidence: 99%

Taking a lesson from the COVID-19 pandemic: Preventing the future outbreaks of viral zoonoses through a multi-faceted approach

Halabowski

Rzymski

2021

Science of The Total Environment

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The pandemic of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a significant burden to healthcare systems, economic crisis, and public fears. It is also a lesson to be learned and a call-to-action to minimize the risk of future viral pandemics and their associated challenges. The present paper outlines selected measures (i.e., monitoring and identification of novel viral agents in animals, limitations to wildlife trade, decreasing hunting activities, changes to mink farming and meat production), the implementation of which would decrease such a risk. The role of viral surveillance systems and research exploring the virus strains associated with different animal hosts is emphasized along with the need for stricter wild trade regulations and changes to hunting activities. Finally, the paper suggests modifications to the meat production system, particularly through the introduction of cultured meat that would not only decrease the risk of exposure to novel human viral pathogens but also strengthen food security and decrease the environmental impacts of food production.

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The Organization of the Illegal Tiger Parts Trade in China

Cited by 40 publications

References 32 publications

Understanding Traditional Chinese Medicine to strengthen conservation outcomes

Understanding Traditional Chinese Medicine to strengthen conservation outcomes

Illegal trade in wild cats and its link to Chinese‐led development in Central and South America

Taking a lesson from the COVID-19 pandemic: Preventing the future outbreaks of viral zoonoses through a multi-faceted approach

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