The origin and genetic divergence of “black” kokanee, a novel reproductive ecotype of<i>Oncorhynchus nerka</i>

Moreira, Amanda Leigh; Taylor, Eric B.

doi:10.1139/cjfas-2015-0145

Cited by 23 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 94 publications

(115 reference statements)

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“…29 7Tchesinkut LakeTchesinkut LakeBritish Columbia, CanadaSkeenaKokaneeShore361.00Frazer & Russello 42 Drew CreekBritish Columbia, CanadaSkeenaKokaneeStream361.00Frazer & Russello 42 8Cowichan LakeCowichan LakeBritish Columbia, CanadaVancouver IslandKokaneeShore31.00Taylor et al . 29 9Anderson-Seton LakesAnderson LakeBritish Columbia, CanadaFraserKokaneeShore220.98Moreira & Taylor 30 10Portage CreekBritish Columbia, CanadaFraserSockeyeStream200.18Moreira & Taylor 30 11Seton LakeBritish Columbia, CanadaFraserKokaneeShore231.00Moreira & Taylor 30 12Quesnel LakeQuesnel LakeBritish Columbia, CanadaFraserKokaneeShore271.00Taylor et al . 29 13Nicola LakeUpper Nicola RiverBritish Columbia, CanadaFraserKokaneeStream240.19Frazer 70 14Adams LakeMomich CreekBritish Columbia, CanadaFraserKokaneeStream240.23Taylor et al .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An ancient selective sweep linked to reproductive life history evolution in sockeye salmon

Veale

Russello

2017

Sci Rep

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Study of parallel (or convergent) phenotypic evolution can provide important insights into processes driving sympatric, ecologically-mediated divergence and speciation, as ecotype pairs may provide a biological replicate of the underlying signals and mechanisms. Here, we provide evidence for a selective sweep creating an island of divergence associated with reproductive behavior in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), identifying a series of linked single nucleotide polymorphisms across a ~22,733 basepair region spanning the leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 9 gene exhibiting signatures of divergent selection associated with stream- and shore-spawning in both anadromous and resident forms across their pan-Pacific distribution. This divergence likely occurred ~3.8 Mya (95% HPD = 2.1–6.03 Mya), after sockeye separated from pink (O. gorbuscha) and chum (O. keta) salmon, but prior to the Pleistocene glaciations. Our results suggest recurrent evolution of reproductive ecotypes across the native range of O. nerka is at least partially associated with divergent selection of pre-existing genetic variation within or linked to this region. As sockeye salmon are unique among Pacific salmonids in their flexibility to spawn in lake-shore benthic environments, this region provides great promise for continued investigation of the genomic basis of O. nerka life history evolution, and, more broadly, for increasing our understanding of the heritable basis of adaptation of complex traits in novel environments.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An ancient selective sweep linked to reproductive life history evolution in sockeye salmon

Veale

Russello

2017

Sci Rep

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“…Similarly, genetic and morphological distinction of reproductive ecotypes of kokanee in Okanagan Lake, British Columbia, is maintained by spatiotemporal isolation, as one form spawns in the lake a few weeks after the other spawns in tributaries (Taylor, Harvey, Pollard, & Volpe, 1997;Winans, Pollard, & Kuligowski, 2003). The rarest and most unique reproductive ecotype of O. nerka is the black kokanee (treated as a separate species, O. kawamurae, by some authors), which is a darkly coloured non-anadromous form that spawns in the profundal zones of lakes up to 300 m deep (Moreira & Taylor, 2015;Nakabo, Nakayama, Muto, & Miyazawa, 2011;Nakabo et al, 2014) (Figure 2).…”

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confidence: 99%

Reliance on lakes by salmon, trout and charr (Oncorhynchus,SalmoandSalvelinus): An evaluation of spawning habitats, rearing strategies and trophic polymorphisms

Arostegui

Quinn

2019

Fish and Fisheries

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Salmonid fishes may reside within or migrate between stream and lake habitats, or undergo anadromous migrations between freshwater and the ocean. While the degree of anadromy of salmonids has been thoroughly compared, no analogous review has examined the degree of lake use. To assess the extent of reliance on lake habitat in this family, we considered 16 species of salmon, trout and charr from the genera Oncorhynchus, Salmo and Salvelinus, comparing their (a) use of lakes as spawning habitat, (b) rearing strategies in lakes, and (c) occurrence and diversity of lacustrine trophic polymorphism. In identifying the primary life‐history patterns of each species and exploring the lesser‐known lacustrine behaviours, we found that the extent of reliance on lakes exhibits a negative association with the degree of anadromy. Oncorhynchus rely least on lakes, Salmo to an intermediate level and Salvelinus the most, opposite of the general prevalence of anadromy among these genera. Lakes are critical to adfluvial and lake‐resident salmonids, but they also support anadromous and fluvial life histories by providing spawning, rearing, overwintering and/or summer refuge habitat. Adfluviality, although a non‐anadromous life history, consists of similar migration‐related traits and behaviours as anadromy, including the parr–smolt transformation, sex‐biased patterns of migration and residency, and the presence of precocious males. Lakes support life‐history variants, reproductive ecotypes and trophic morphs unique to lacustrine habitat. Therefore, conservation of salmonids is dependent on maintaining the diversity and quality of their habitats, including lakes.

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“…Kokanee are a nonanadromous or resident form of O. nerka (lacustrine ecotype; Gustafson et al 1997) that exhibit both lake-and stream-spawning behavior. Kokanee often occur in sympatry with Sockeye Salmon, particularly in high-productivity lake systems (Moreira and Taylor 2015;Veale and Russello 2017). However, kokanee and Sockeye Salmon typically maintain genetic distinctiveness where the two forms co-occur, despite evidence of interbreeding and hybridization in some areas (Foote et al 1989;Good et al 2005;Veale and Russello 2016).…”

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confidence: 99%

Early Observations from Monitoring a Reintroduction Program: Return of Sockeye Salmon to a Nursery Lake of Historical Importance

et al. 2019

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The historical distribution of Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus nerka in the Columbia River basin has been constrained by the species’ dependence on nursery lakes for juvenile rearing. Several productive lake systems were impounded by dams during the last century leading to the extirpation of Sockeye Salmon from many nursery lakes in the region. Recent efforts to re‐establish populations in historically natal areas are exemplified by the Cle Elum Lake reintroduction program. The program is founded on outplanting adult fish from two middle Columbia River donor populations with different adaptive potentials. We used genetic stock identification methods to differentiate stock origins between Osoyoos Lake (OSO) and Lake Wenatchee (WEN) donor stocks and to evaluate the relative productivity from two brood years (2011 and 2012) of natural spawning in the novel environment. Spawning ground surveys revealed assortative mating between earlier‐spawning WEN fish that were more abundant farthest upstream and later‐spawning OSO fish that were concentrated (82%) downstream nearest the lake. Hybrids accounted for only 5% of sampled smolts and 4% of adult returns. Smolts rearing in Cle Elum Lake were significantly larger overall (OSO, 140 mm; WEN, 129 mm) than smolts in either donor population (84 mm). However, the average size of OSO smolts varied among emigration years, and relative smolt abundances favored the WEN stock (70% overall), indicative of a rearing survival advantage. In relation, the WEN stock exhibited a better average rate of replacement (0.80) in adult‐to‐adult escapement compared with the OSO stock (0.17). Continued monitoring will focus on trends in productivity and potential demographic shifts that may arise in the Cle Elum Lake population and will provide managers with information concerning limiting factors in the environment that might affect similar approaches to reintroductions in other lake systems.

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The origin and genetic divergence of “black” kokanee, a novel reproductive ecotype ofOncorhynchus nerka

Cited by 23 publications

References 94 publications

An ancient selective sweep linked to reproductive life history evolution in sockeye salmon

An ancient selective sweep linked to reproductive life history evolution in sockeye salmon

Reliance on lakes by salmon, trout and charr (Oncorhynchus,SalmoandSalvelinus): An evaluation of spawning habitats, rearing strategies and trophic polymorphisms

Early Observations from Monitoring a Reintroduction Program: Return of Sockeye Salmon to a Nursery Lake of Historical Importance

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