The Origin and Nature of the Planck Constant

Butto, Nader

doi:10.4236/jhepgc.2021.71016

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The Planck constant is related to the quantization of light and matter, which is a subatomic-scale constant [92]. To make them visible, we operate a change of scale by replacing h = 1.054571817 .…”

Section: Quantum Value Valuationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum Value Valuation Continuum

Özdilek

2024

Quantum Reports

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Price, cost, and income (PCI) methods are traditionally used to approximate the value state of an economic commodity such as a property. Based on the estimates of these methods, we explore how quantum theory represents the fundamental process of value valuation in practice. We propose that the mathematical formalism of quantum theory is a promising view and measure of economic value. To ground our exploration, we first map traditional PCI estimates onto three-dimensional spherical coordinates, which were then transformed into two-dimensional quantum states using the Bloch sphere. This step enabled the computation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the Hamiltonian matrix, from which the value state measures were derived. The results exhibit practical applications as well as fundamental insights into potential connections between economic and quantum value states.

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Section: Quantum Value Valuationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum Value Valuation Continuum

Özdilek

2024

Quantum Reports

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“…In this case, the frequency indicates the number of times a wave EM passes within 1 s. Planck's constant is the energy contained in a wave [42].…”

Section: The Kinetic Energy Of the Longitudinal Mass Of Photonmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Theory of the Essence and Mass of Photon

Butto¹

2022

JHEPGC

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Many properties of a single photon, such as density, rest mass, and orbital angular momentum, are still unknown. In a previous study, the photon was presented as a superfluid prolate spheroid structure, with a long-axis radius, short-axis radius, and volume, embodied with two spins-transversal and longitudinal-which are responsible for the three-dimensional helical trajectory of the electromagnetic wave. In this study, the rest mass, density, and energy of photon are mathematically derived, and the relationship between the radius of photon and its frequency is demonstrated. In addition, the difference between the Compton and de Broglie wavelengths is clarified. The calculated density, volume, and rest mass of photon agree with previous experimental results. The photon's simultaneous longitudinal and transversal spins are moving forces of longitudinal and transversal trajectories, which are the origin of the three-dimensional helix shape of the electromagnetic field. A new mechanism for the photon movement is proposed, and the reason for the zero mass moving photon is revealed; a traveling photon in space exhibits zero mass because its boundaries demonstrate zero relative velocity with the surrounding vacuum. The orbital angular momentum of photon is described using similar macroscopic rotation concepts and applying hydrodynamics laws. A rotating photon is endowed with an angular velocity vector whose magnitude measures the speed with which the radius of the principal axis sweeps an angle, and whose direction indicates the principal axis of rotation and is given by the right-hand rule. The deviation angle is calculated using trigonometric functions, and the origin of the Lorenz factor is revealed.

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Unraveling the Quantum Web: The Vortex Theory of Mass and Matter Formation

Butto

2024

JHEPGC

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Mass plays a role in many physical phenomena, including the behavior of subatomic particles, the formation and behavior of stars and galaxies, and gravitational interactions between objects. The density of vacuum, 9.5 × 10 −27 kg/m 3 , is a crucial parameter in the theory of cosmic inflation and is responsible for the accelerated expansion of the universe in its early stages. This vacuum energy interacts with matter and manifests itself as mass, which can be described as flow and vortex formation using the laws of hydrodynamics. The vortex model of elementary particles, in conjunction with the laws of hydrodynamics, provides an elegant explanation for the origin of mass and the relationship between mass and energy, with profound implications for the behavior of objects at high velocities and strong gravitational fields. The vacuum behaves as a compressible superfluid, thus elementary particles can be described as vortices of the vacuum. The equations of hydrodynamics for vortices can be applied to describe the nature and value of the mass of particles. The implications of understanding the nature of mass are vast and profound. From elucidating the fundamental properties of particles to informing the design of advanced materials and technologies, this knowledge is indispensable. It drives advancements across numerous fields, transforming both our theoretical understanding and practical capabilities. Continued research into the nature of mass promises to unlock further insights, fostering innovation and expanding the frontiers of science and technology.

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The Origin and Nature of the Planck Constant

Cited by 3 publications

References 21 publications

Quantum Value Valuation Continuum

Quantum Value Valuation Continuum

A New Theory of the Essence and Mass of Photon

Unraveling the Quantum Web: The Vortex Theory of Mass and Matter Formation

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