The origin and significance of spinal cord pulsation

Matsuzaki, Hiromi; Wakabayashi, K; Ishihara, Kazuhíko; Ishikawa, Hiroto; Kawabata, Hideyuki; Onomura, Toshinobu

doi:10.1038/sc.1996.75

Cited by 39 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…2 There are two concepts regarding the origin of the lumbar cerebrospinal¯uid pulse wave (L-CSFPW): that it arises from pulsation of the spinal cord. 3,4 and that it is due to pulsation of the brain which is transmitted through the subarachnoid space of the spine. 5,6 We recently demonstrated in dogs that L-CSFPW re¯ects pulsation of both the spinal cord and brain by analyzing the e ect on it of the occulusion of tha aorta and vena cava using system analysis; this showed the possibility that L-CSFPW could be an indicator of the spinal cord blood¯ow.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid pulse wave rising from pulsations of both the spinal cord and the brain in humans

1997

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There are two theories regarding the origin of the lumbar cerebrospinal¯uid pulse wave (L-CSFPW): that it arises from the arteries supplying the spinal cord, and that it is due to the pulsations of the brain transmitted through the subarachnoid space of the spine.We investigated L-CSFPW of 11 myelopathic patients with a complete (®ve patients, CBgroup) or an incomplete spinal block (six, ICB-group) on myelography to determine the origin of L-CSFPW. Since arterial pressure amplitude (APA), the energy source of L-CSFPW, is not the same between individuals or between before and after operation, not only L-CSFPW itself but also the transfer function between the arterial pressure wave and the L-CSFPW calculated by the system analysis method was analyzed to eliminate the in¯uence of hemodynamic uctuations. In the system analysis, the arterial pressure wave, L-CSFPW and transfer function were decomposed into ®ve harmonic waves (HW).In the CB group, L-CSFPW was observed to be 0.72 mmHg on average (range, 0.25 ± 1.00) in spite of blocking pulsations of the brain, showing that there was a contribution to L-CSFPW unrelated to the brain, that is, the spinal cord. In the CB group, however, the preoperative transfer function value of HW1 (mean, 0.056; range, 0.012 ± 0.170) was lower than that in the ICB group (mean, 0.137; range, 0.061 ± 0.236) (P50.05), indicating that the brain pulsation also contributed to L-CSFPW.In the ICB group, there was signi®cant reduction of HW1 (P50.01) and HW2 (P50.05) transfer function after posterior decompression surgery in spite of improvement in the subarachnoid space narrowing: preoperative HW1, mean, 0.137, range, 0.061 ± 0.236; postoperative HW1, mean, 0.065, range, 0.021 ± 0.153; preoperative HW2, mean, 0.092, range, 0.011 ± 0.148; postoperative HW2, mean, 0.044, range, 0.030 ± 0.066. It has been reported that the spinal cord blood¯ow is decreased 20% or more by laminectomy, therefore, L-CSFPW measurement may be sensitive enough to detect a 20% or higher decrease in this ow. This suggests that L-CSFPW could possibly be used clinically as a non-invasive method of monitoring the spinal cord blood¯ow. For broad clinical application of CSFPW, however, further studies are needed, especially on the direct relationship between CSFPW and spinal cord blood¯ow itself.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid pulse wave rising from pulsations of both the spinal cord and the brain in humans

1997

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“…It has been shown that some motion of the spinal cord may arise from blood flow in the radicular arteries, 35 but the bulk of the motion is expected to be caused by CSF flow. 36,37 The magnitude of displacement depends on the rostral-caudal position with the cord and on its curvature, as can be observed in serial images of the spinal cord with sagittal slices.…”

Section: Problems Arising From Motionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Neuronal Function in the Spinal Cord: Spinal fMRI

Stroman¹

2005

Clinical Medicine & Research

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A review of the current literature on magnetic resonance imaging of neuronal function in the spinal cord (spinal fMRI) is presented.The unique challenges of spinal fMRI are identified as being the small cross-sectional dimensions of the spinal cord, magnetic field inhomogeneity caused by the bone and cartilage in the spine, and motion of cerebrospinal fluid, blood, adjacent tissues and organs and of the spinal cord itself.Techniques have been developed to overcome or compensate for these challenges and the result is a fMRI method which is distinct from that used for mapping function in the brain. Evidence that the current spinal fMRI method provides accurate and sensitive maps of neuronal function is also discussed. Studies presented in the literature have demonstrated areas of neuronal activity corresponding with spinal cord neuroanatomy as a result of thermal and electrical stimuli and motor tasks with the hands, arms and legs. Signal intensity changes detected in active areas have also been demonstrated to depend on the intensity of the stimuli with both thermal stimulation and a motor task, providing evidence of the correspondence between spinal fMRI results and neuronal activity in the spinal cord. Funct ional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the spinal cord has been developed over the past 7 years and now appears to be adequate for practical use as a research tool and for clinical trials assessing spinal cord function. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method for demonstrating areas of neuronal activity in the brain has received a great deal of attention and has developed at a rapid pace since it was first demonstrated in 1990. [1][2][3] The method has been proven to be a powerful tool for mapping neuronal function with several hundred scientific papers published each year related to fMRI of the brain. The application of fMRI to the spinal cord (spinal fMRI) seems a logical extension of its use in the brain, but in comparison has received relatively little attention. To date there have been approximately 17 scientific papers published on spinal fMRI in humans and animals. The relatively low number of publications appears to be, at least in part, a consequence of the considerable challenge of acquiring MRIs of the spinal cord, in addition to the usual challenges of obtaining high quality fMRI data. Nonetheless, the work that has been published and presented at scientific meetings has shown consistent findings across several groups that are now working on spinal fMRI and demonstrates that the challenges of applying fMRI to the spinal cord can be overcome. Most of the work that has been published with human subjects demonstrates that spinal fMRI can be carried out using current clinical MRI systems without any custom hardware or software. Rationale for Developing Spinal fMRIThe need for an fMRI method adapted for demonstrating function in the spinal cord arises from the fact that the cord is contained within the vertebral column and is therefore relatively inaccessible. Without opening the spinal canal...

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“…One additional refinement that has been introduced recently is the ability to replicate the very small, heartbeatdriven 'breathing mode' pulsations of the spinal cord [12], which are ≈100 µm in amplitude. This is done by embedding an angioplasty balloon axially within the silicone parenchyma of the mock spinal cord at moulding.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spinal canal surrogate for testing intradural implants

Oya

Howard

Shurig

et al. 2012

Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology

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We have designed, built and tested an anthropomorphic-scale surrogate spinal canal, for use in preliminary evaluations of the performance characteristics of a novel intradural spinal cord stimulator. The surrogate employs a silicone mock spinal cord with semi-major and semi-minor diameters of 10 and 6 mm, respectively, commensurate with those of actual thoracic-level spinal cord. The axial restoring force provided by the 300 µm thick silicone denticulate ligament constructs on the mock cord is ~ 0.32 N mm(-1) over a 1.5 mm range of displacement, which is within a factor of 2 of that measured by others in human cadaver specimens. Examples of testing protocols of prototype intradural stimulators that employ this device are discussed.

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The origin and significance of spinal cord pulsation

Cited by 39 publications

References 2 publications

Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid pulse wave rising from pulsations of both the spinal cord and the brain in humans

Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid pulse wave rising from pulsations of both the spinal cord and the brain in humans

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Neuronal Function in the Spinal Cord: Spinal fMRI

Spinal canal surrogate for testing intradural implants

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