The origin and structure of the tertiary envelope in thick-shelled eggs of the brine shrimp, Artemia

Anderson, Everett; Lochhead, John H.; Lochhead, Margaret S.; Huebner, Erwin

doi:10.1016/s0022-5320(70)80025-9

Cited by 80 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The shell of Artemia cysts originates from three pairs of shell glands formed by linked pairs of oblong cells that interact with the uterus via a cellular duct composed of a neck cell and usually three duct cells (Anderson et al 1970;Criel 1980;Criel and MacRae 2002). Variation in the terminology identifying the layers of the cyst shell may reflect true ultrastructural distinctions or different preparative techniques, and the shell is modified during post-diapause development further complicating the interpretation of structural data (Rosowski et al 1997;Sugumar and Munuswamy 2006;Dai et al 2011a).…”

Section: Structure and Function Of The Artemia Cyst Shellmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Removal of the outer shell layer by decapsulation correlates with increased sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) light, faster water loss, and reduced tolerance to drying and rehydration (Morris and Afzelius 1967;Anderson et al 1970;Tanguay et al 2004;Clegg 2005;Liu et al 2009;Dai et al 2011a;. The outer cuticular membrane is impermeable to most nonvolatile compounds including amino acids, glycerol, glucose, inorganic phosphate, and uracil, although H 2 O and CO 2 penetrate this layer (Clegg 1966(Clegg , 1967Golub and Clegg 1968;Clegg and Golub 1969;De Chaffoy et al 1978).…”

Section: Structure and Function Of The Artemia Cyst Shellmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The chorion, comprised of the maternally derived cortical and alveolar layers, surrounds the embryonic cuticular layer, protecting cysts against environmental stress (Morris and Afzelius 1967;Anderson et al 1970;Tanguay et al 2004;Liu et al 2009;Dai et al 2011a;. cDNAs representing shell gland specifically expressed genes (SGEGs), termed SGEG1 and SGEG2, were isolated from A. parthenogenetica by subtractive hybridization (Liu et al 2009;Dai et al 2011a).…”

Section: Structure and Function Of The Artemia Cyst Shellmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stress tolerance during diapause and quiescence of the brine shrimp, Artemia

MacRae

2016

Cell Stress and Chaperones

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Oviparously developing embryos of the brine shrimp, Artemia, arrest at gastrulation and are released from females as cysts before entering diapause, a state of dormancy and stress tolerance. Diapause is terminated by an external signal, and growth resumes if conditions are permissible. However, if circumstances are unfavorable, cysts enter quiescence, a dormant stage that continues as long as adverse conditions persist. Artemia embryos in diapause and quiescence are remarkably resistant to environmental and physiological stressors, withstanding desiccation, cold, heat, oxidation, ultraviolet radiation, and years of anoxia at ambient temperature when fully hydrated. Cysts have adapted to stress in several ways; they are surrounded by a rigid cell wall impermeable to most chemical compounds and which functions as a shield against ultraviolet radiation. Artemia cysts contain large amounts of trehalose, a non-reducing sugar thought to preserve membranes and proteins during desiccation by replacing water molecules and/or contributing to vitrification. Late embryogenesis abundant proteins similar to those in seeds and other anhydrobiotic organisms are found in cysts, and they safeguard cell organelles and proteins during desiccation. Artemia cysts contain abundant amounts of p26, a small heat shock protein, and artemin, a ferritin homologue, both ATPindependent molecular chaperones important in stress tolerance. The evidence provided in this review supports the conclusion that it is the interplay of these protective elements that make Artemia one of the most stress tolerant of all metazoan organisms.

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Section: Structure and Function Of The Artemia Cyst Shellmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Structure and Function Of The Artemia Cyst Shellmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Structure and Function Of The Artemia Cyst Shellmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stress tolerance during diapause and quiescence of the brine shrimp, Artemia

MacRae

2016

Cell Stress and Chaperones

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“…The larvae undergo several moults to reach adulthood and then reproduce, but cysts enter diapause, a physiological condition where development stops, metabolism is greatly reduced and stress tolerance is high (Drinkwater and Clegg, 1991;Clegg, 1997;MacRae, 2003;MacRae, 2005). Resistance to stress depends on the rigid, semi-permeable cyst shell (Anderson et al, 1970;Morris and Afzelius, 1967;Van Stappen, 1996), trehalose (Clegg and Jackson, 1998) and the accumulation of molecular chaperones such as p26, ArHsp21, ArHsp22 and artemin which prevent irreversible protein denaturation and inhibit apoptosis (Liang and MacRae, 1999;Villeneuve et al, 2006;Sun et al, 2006;Chen et al, 2007;Qiu and MacRae, 2008a;Qiu and MacRae, 2008b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diapause termination and development of encystedArtemiaembryos: roles for nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide

Robbins

Stappen

Sorgeloos

et al. 2010

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYEncysted embryos (cysts) of the brine shrimp Artemia undergo diapause, a state of profound dormancy and enhanced stress tolerance. Upon exposure to the appropriate physical stimulus diapause terminates and embryos resume development. The regulation of diapause termination and post-diapause development is poorly understood at the molecular level, prompting this study on the capacity of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and nitric oxide (NO) to control these processes. Exposure to H 2 O 2 and NO, the latter generated by the use of three NO generators, promoted cyst development, emergence and hatching, effects nullified by catalase and the NO scavenger 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5,-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide (PTIO). The maximal effect of NO and H 2 O 2 on cyst development was achieved by 4 h of exposure to either chemical. NO was effective at a lower concentration than H 2 O 2 but more cysts developed in response to H 2 O 2 . Promotion of development varied with incubation conditions, indicating for the first time a population of Artemia cysts potentially arrested in post-diapause and whose development was activated by either H 2 O 2 or NO. A second cyst sub-population, refractory to hatching after prolonged incubation, was considered to be in diapause, a condition broken by H 2 O 2 but not NO. These observations provide clues to the molecular mechanisms of diapause termination and development in Artemia, while enhancing the organism's value in aquaculture by affording a greater understanding of its growth and physiology.

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“…As 1 example, embryos of the crustacean Artemia franciscana undergo diapause, arresting as gastrulae, encysting, and entering a deep state of metabolic dormancy (MacRae 2003). The encysted embryos (cysts) are extremely stress tolerant (Clegg 1997;Clegg et al 2000), a property thought to depend on their rigid chitinous walls (Anderson et al 1970), limited consumption of energy stores (Clegg 1997; Correspondance to: Thomas H. MacRae, Tel: 902-494-6525;Fax: 902-494-3736;E-mail: tmacrae@dal.ca. Received 24 February 2007;Revised 29 March 2007;Accepted 3 April 2007. 1998), trehalose (Viner and Clegg 2001), and molecular chaperones (Sun et al 2004Sun and MacRae 2005;Qiu et al 2006;Villeneuve et al 2006;Chen et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmentally regulated synthesis of p8, a stress-associated transcription cofactor, in diapause-destined embryos of Artemia franciscana

Qiu¹,

MacRae²

2007

Cell Stress Chaper

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Diapause-destined embryos of the crustacean Artemia franciscana arrest as gastrulae, acquire extreme stress tolerance, and enter profound metabolic dormancy. Among genes upregulated at 2 days postfertilization in these embryos is a homologue of p8, a stress-inducible transcription cofactor. Artemia p8 is smaller than vertebrate homologues but shares a basic helix-loop-helix domain and a bipartite nuclear localization signal. Probing of restriction digested DNA on Southern blots indicated a single Artemia p8 gene and 5Ј-RACE specified 2 transcription start sites. Several putative cis-acting regulatory sequences, including two heat shock elements, appeared upstream of the p8 transcription start site. Artemia p8 mRNA increased sharply at 1 day postfertilization in diapause-destined embryos and then declined, whereas p8 protein appeared 2 days postfertilization and remained relatively constant throughout development, indicating a stable protein. p8 was not detectable in nauplius-destined (nondiapause) Artemia embryos. Immunofluorescent staining revealed p8 within Artemia nuclei. The results support the idea that p8, a known stressresponsive transcription cofactor, mediates gene expression in diapause-destined Artemia embryos. p8 is the first diapause-related transcription factor identified in crustaceans and 1 of only a small number of such proteins identified in any organism undergoing diapause.

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The origin and structure of the tertiary envelope in thick-shelled eggs of the brine shrimp, Artemia

Cited by 80 publications

References 38 publications

Stress tolerance during diapause and quiescence of the brine shrimp, Artemia

Stress tolerance during diapause and quiescence of the brine shrimp, Artemia

Diapause termination and development of encystedArtemiaembryos: roles for nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide

Developmentally regulated synthesis of p8, a stress-associated transcription cofactor, in diapause-destined embryos of Artemia franciscana

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