The origin, fate, and health effects of combustion by-products: a research framework.

Abstract

Incomplete combustion processes can emit organic pollutants, metals, and fine particles. Combustion by-products represent global human and environmental health challenges that are relevant not only in heavily industrialized nations, but also in developing nations where up to 90% of rural households rely on unprocessed biomass fuels for cooking, warmth, and light. These issues were addressed at the Seventh International Congress on Combustion By-Products, which convened 4-6 June 2001 in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. This congress included a diverse group of multidisciplinary researchers and practitioners who discussed recent developments and future goals in the control of combustion by-products and their effects of exposure on human and ecologic health. Participants recommended that interdisciplinary, coordinated research efforts should be focused to capitalize on the important potential synergisms between efforts to reduce the adverse human health effects linked to exposures to combustion by-products and broader efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and save energy through efficiency. In this article we summarize the principal findings and recommendations for research focus and direction.

The effects of dimethyl ether and ethanol on benzene and soot formation in ethylene nonpremixed flames

“…(2) In a previous study of ours, performed in a JSR, we observed that the addition of DMM (CH 3 -O-CH 2 -O-CH 3 ) at ppm level resulted in a modification of the ratio of the concentrations of several PAH formed from the oxidation of indane [1]. Did you observe such a complex behavior in your experimental conditions?…”

“…A major objection to fossil fuel combustion is the emission of soot particles from diesel engines, gas turbines, industrial furnaces, and other devices [1]. One strategy for reducing these emissions is to add oxygen-containing hydrocarbons to the petroleum-derived fuels in current use.…”

Different characteristics of char and soot in the atmosphere and their ratio as an indicator for source identification in Xi'an, China

“…M. Han et al: Different characteristics of char and soot in the atmosphere different measurements of thermochemical and optical techniques (Pöschl, 2005). EC has received more attention in recent years because it contributes to global warming, carries carcinogenic compounds, and causes serious health risks (Jacobson, 2001;Menon et al, 2002;Avakian et al, 2002;Hansen and Nazarenko, 2004;Koelmans et al, 2006). It is estimated that the contributions by EC to global warming, in terms of direct climate forcing, is second only to CO 2 (Jacobson, 2001), and reducing emissions of EC could mitigate the projected warming trends and delay the time of onset of the "dangerous" climate change (e.g.…”

From Ambient Ultrafine Particles to Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology

“…In large -scale epidemiological studies, susceptible populations were seen to be susceptible to increases in environmental particles (PM 10 ) of as little as 10 μ g/m 3 , suggesting that the toxicity of this PM 10 fraction was highly potent. Subsequent research focused on the primary, combustion -derived UF fraction as a likely major arbiter of these adverse effects (Avakian et al, 2002 ;Morawska and Zhang, 2002 ;Donaldson et al, 2005b ). The UF component of PM in urban air is dominated in numerical terms by the CDNPs, such as diesel soot, which have a number of components and properties that imbue them with toxic potency (Donaldson et al, 2003(Donaldson et al, , 2005b.…”