The origin of a giant downward directed clastic dyke in a kame (Bełchatów mine, central Poland)

Hydrofracturing in response to the development of an overpressurised subglacial meltwater system during drumlin formation: an example from Anglesey, NW Wales

“…The introduction of pressurised meltwater into the bed of a glacier or ice sheet is widely regarded as leading to either enhanced sliding of the ice over areas of bedrock (hard bed), or the weakening and enhanced deformation of the unconsolidated sediments (soft bed) which may underlie the ice stream (Benn and Evans, 2010 and references therein). Hydrofractures, also referred to as water-escape features or clastic dykes, provide clear evidence for the movement of pressurised meltwater through subglacial to icemarginal environments (Dionne and Shilts 1974;Christiansen et al, 1982;von Brunn and Talbot, 1986;Burbridge et al, 1988;Dreimanis, 1992;Larsen and Mangerud 1992;McCabe & Dardis 1994;Dreimanis and Rappol, 1997;van der Meer et al, 1999;Rijsdijk et al, 1999;Le Heron and Etienne 2005;Boulton, 2006;Goździk and van Loon, 2007;van der Meer et al, 2008;Phillips and Merritt, 2008;Phillips et al, 2012a). They record marked changes in hydrostatic pressure within the subglacial hydrogeological system which led to brittle fracturing of the pre-existing sediment and/or bedrock, and penecontemporaneous liquefaction and introduction of a sediment-fill (see van der Meer et al, 2008;Phillips et al, 2013 and references therein).…”

“…They record marked changes in hydrostatic pressure within the subglacial hydrogeological system which led to brittle fracturing of the pre-existing sediment and/or bedrock, and penecontemporaneous liquefaction and introduction of a sediment-fill (see van der Meer et al, 2008;Phillips et al, 2013 and references therein). Due to the pressurised nature of the meltwater, the sediment infill can be introduced from structurally above (downward injection) or below (upward injection) the developing hydrofracture system (Dreimanis, 1992;Rijsdijk et al, 1999;Le Heron and Etienne, 2005;Goździk and van Loon 2007;van der Meer et al, 2008). The introduction of pressurised meltwater beneath glaciers and ice sheets can have a profound effect on deformation beneath the ice not only leading to increased forward motion, but also the development of water-lubricated detachments within the sediment pile (e.g.…”

Quaternary fault kinematics and chronology in intraplate northeastern Brazil

“…In a few cases, they have been classified as seismites and described as clastic dikes (Demoulin, 1996;Gozdzik and van Lonn, 2007;Haluszczak, 2007).…”

Micromorphological evidence for subglacial multiphase sedimentation and deformation during overpressurized fluid flow associated with hydrofracturing

“…, ; Rijsdijk et al . ; Le Heron & Etienne ; Boulton ; Goździk & van Loon ; Phillips & Merritt ). Previous work has demonstrated that hydrofractures record marked fluctuations in hydrostatic pressure within the glacial hydrogeological system, which lead to brittle fracturing of the pre‐existing sediment and/or bedrock, and to the pene‐contemporaneous liquefaction and introduction of a sediment‐fill (see van der Meer et al .…”