The origin of HTLV-1 in southern Bahia by phylogenetic, mtDNA and β-globin analysis

Aleluia, Milena Magalhães; Mello, Marco Antônio Gomes; Alcântara, Luiz Carlos Júnior; Rego, Filipe Ferreira Almeida; Santos, Lucas Pereira de Souza; Galvão–Castro, Bernardo; Gonçalves, Marilda de Souza; Marin, Lauro Juliano; Mara, Sandra; Sousa, Bispo; Gadelha, Sandra Rocha

doi:10.1016/j.virep.2015.05.002

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Several studies have investigated the origin of HTLV-1 in Latin America, particularly in Brazil (Alcantara et al, 2003;Magalhães et al, 2008;Aleluia et al, 2015). The majority of these studies support the hypothesis of multiple introductions of HTLV-1aA into Brazil during the post-Columbian period (N 1492) (Van Dooren et al, 1998;Alcantara et al, 2003;Rego et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

HTLV-1aA introduction into Brazil and its association with the trans-Atlantic slave trade

Amoussa

Wilkinson

Giovanetti

et al. 2017

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

HTLV-1aA introduction into Brazil and its association with the trans-Atlantic slave trade

Amoussa

Wilkinson

Giovanetti

et al. 2017

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

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“…The spread of HTLV-1 has been linked with two HLA alleles (HLA*A26 and HLA*A36) originated in Africa and then dispersed to other ethnic groups ( Sonoda, Li, and Tajima 2011 ), but the HLA polymorphisms gene flow does not fully support the ancient spread of virus infection to South America, which may have occurred as separate events. However, a handful of evidence has been shown that HTLV-1 made its massive entrance in the recent past at the east coast of Brazil, brought in with the countless number of entries since the beginning of the slave trade in the 16th century (1535) from the African continent across the Atlantic Ocean ( Aleluia et al. 2015 ).…”

Section: The Origins Of Htlv-1 and Htlv-2 Infection In South Amerimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this area, the Benin haplotype is common; and the Cameroon haplotype has been found mainly in Nigeria, and there are no historical records of the direct trafficking of slaves from West Central Africa to northern Brazil ( Cardoso and Guerreiro 2006 ). In Bahia, the HTLV-1 infection was associated with an ancient post-Columbian introduction as a consequence of the slave trade, with a massive predominance of Benin and Bantu haplotypes of the β-globin gene and mtDNA ( Aleluia et al. 2015 ).…”

Section: The Origins Of Htlv-1 and Htlv-2 Infection In South Amerimentioning

confidence: 99%

HTLV in South America: Origins of a silent ancient human infection

Ishak

Azevedo

et al. 2020

Virus Evolution

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The description of the first human retrovirus, Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1), was soon associated with an aggressive lymphoma and a chronic inflammatory neurodegenerative disease. Later, other associated clinical manifestations were described, affecting diverse target organs in the human body and showing the enormous burden carried by the virus and the associated diseases. The epidemiology of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 showed that they were largely distributed around the world, although it is possible to locate geographical areas with pockets of low and very high prevalence and incidence. Aboriginal Australians and indigenous peoples of Brazil are examples of the large spread of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2, respectively. The epidemiological link of both situations is their occurrence among isolated, epidemiologically closed or semi-closed communities. The origin of the viruses in South America shows two different branches with distinct timing of entry. HTLV-1 made its probable entrance in a more recent route through the east coast of Brazil at the beginning of the slave trade from the African continent, starting in the 16th century and lasting for more than 350 years. HTLV-2 followed the ancient route of human migration from the Asian continent, crossing the Behring Strait and then splitting in South America as the population became separated by the Andes Mountains. By that time, HTLV-2c probably arose and became isolated among the indigenous populations in the Brazilian Amazon. The study of epidemiologically closed communities of indigenous populations in Brazil allowed tracing the most likely route of entry, the generation of a new molecular subtype (HTLV-2c), the elucidation of the vertical transmission of HTLV-2, the intrafamilial aggregation of cases and the escape and spread of the virus to other areas in Brazil and abroad. Despite the burden and impact of both viruses, they are maintained as silent infections among human populations because (i) health authorities in most South American countries in which national surveillance is poor have little interest in the disease, (ii) the information is commonly lost as indigenous groups do not have specific policies for HTLV and other sexually transmitted infections, and (iii) health access is not feasible or properly delivered.

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“…The entry of HTLV-1 into Brazil must have occurred along the east coast of the country, between the 16th and 19th centuries, through the African slave trade ( 37 , 38 ). HTLV-2 may have followed the oldest human migratory flows that occurred thousands of years ago from the Asian continent via the Bering Strait, reaching North America and moving toward South America and, thus, Brazil ( 35 , 37 , 39 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Risk Factors for HTLV-1/2 Infection in Quilombo Remnant Communities Living in the Brazilian Amazon

Brito

Cardoso-Costa

Roland

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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Human T-lymphotropic viruses 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) are retroviruses that originated on the African continent and dispersed throughout other continents through human migratory flows. This study describes the prevalence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infection in residents of 11 quilombo remnant communities in the state of Pará, Brazil, and the associated risk factors. A total of 859 individuals (334 men and 525 women), aged between 7 and 91 years, participated in the study. All subjects answered a questionnaire with questions on sociodemographic characteristics and on risk factors associated with HTLV infection, and blood samples were collected and separated into plasma and leukocytes. An immunoenzymatic assay (ELISA; Murex HTLV-I+II, DiaSorin, Dartford, UK) was used as a screening test, and positive samples were subjected to line immunoassay confirmatory tests (Inno-LIA HTLV I/II Score FUJIREBIO) and DNA extraction for subsequent real-time PCR to differentiate the viral type. Four of the 859 individuals were seropositive for HTLV. HTLV-1 infection was confirmed in one individual from the Itamoari community (0.92%), and HTLV-2 infection was confirmed in two individuals from São Benedito (3.17%) and in one individual from Arimandeua (2.22%). Blood transfusion was the only risk factor associated with HTLV infection in this study. This study reports the occurrence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 in quilombo remnant communities in the state of Pará. Considering the African origin of the virus and its introduction into Brazil from the slave trade, the continued evaluation of quilombola communities in the state of Pará is essential to better characterize the distribution of infections in these populations and to create public health policies for the control of the spread of the virus and associated diseases.

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The origin of HTLV-1 in southern Bahia by phylogenetic, mtDNA and β-globin analysis

Cited by 5 publications

References 48 publications

HTLV-1aA introduction into Brazil and its association with the trans-Atlantic slave trade

HTLV-1aA introduction into Brazil and its association with the trans-Atlantic slave trade

HTLV in South America: Origins of a silent ancient human infection

Prevalence and Risk Factors for HTLV-1/2 Infection in Quilombo Remnant Communities Living in the Brazilian Amazon

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