The origin of irreversibility and thermalization in thermodynamic processes

Roduner, Emil; Krüger, Tjaart P. J.

doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2021.11.002

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 196 publications

(292 reference statements)

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“…Thus, the super selection rules need not be imposed from outside. This fact gives rise to rules which are induced by the environment [16,17]. Finally, envariance offers the possibility of establishing thermodynamics on a well-defined set of ideas originating at a fundamental quantum level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED: Envariance as a Symmetry in Quantum Mechanics and Applications to Statistical Mechanics

Bracken

2023

Symmetry

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A quantum symmetry called entanglement-assisted invariance, also called envariance, is introduced. It is studied with respect to the process of performing quantum measurements. An apparatus which interacts with other physical systems, which are called environments, exchanges a single state with physical states equal in number to that of the possible outcomes of the experiment. Correlations between the apparatus and environment give rise to a type of selection rule which prohibits the apparatus from appearing in a superposition corresponding to different eigenvalues of the pointer basis of the apparatus. The eigenspaces of this observable form a natural basis for the apparatus and determine the observable of the measured quantum system. It is also discussed how statistical mechanics can be formulated in terms of this symmetry.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED: Envariance as a Symmetry in Quantum Mechanics and Applications to Statistical Mechanics

Bracken

2023

Symmetry

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“…The rate and efficiency of both electron and energy transfer processes depends on various factors, such as the degree to which the electronic states of the donor and acceptor molecules overlap the distance between donor and acceptor, the solvent polarity, temperature, and surrounding conditions. The quantum yield represents the probability of a transfer event occurring and is a measure of the efficiency of the process (Sekar and Periasamy, 2003), (DeVine et al, 2015;Kubas, 2021;Roduner and Krüger, 2022). Electron and energy transfer processes are essential in many applications, such as light-harvesting systems in organic photovoltaic cells and solar panels, photoluminescence and fluorescent labelling techniques, sensors and probes for detecting molecular interactions and electron transport in biological systems, including respiration and photosynthesis (DeVine et al, 2015;Kaushal et al, 2023;Wang and Lu, 2022;Chen et al, 2015).…”

Section: Electron and Energy Transfer Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Harnessing visible light: enhancing TiO2 photocatalysis with photosensitizers for sustainable and efficient environmental solutions

Chauke,

Mohlala,

Ngqoloda

et al. 2024

Front. Chem. Eng.

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The emerging field of using titanium dioxide (TiO2)-based photosensitizers for enhancing photocatalytic removal of thiazine dyes such as methylene blue (MB) from water has long been recognized for its exceptional photocatalytic properties, making it an attractive material for environmental remediation and energy conversion. However, its wide bandgap limits its responsiveness to visible light. As such, the utilization of TiO2-based photosensitizers for the removal of thiazine dyes, presents a promising avenue for diverse applications. In addressing the dual challenges of environmental pollution and harnessing sustainable energy sources, this review focuses on the removal of thiazine dyes from water and their subsequent application as photosensitizers for TiO2 materials. Thiazine dyes, ubiquitous in industrial effluents, pose environmental concerns due to their persistence and potential toxicity. Conversely, this innovative approach involves employing TiO2 materials as photocatalysts, utilizing the unique properties of thiazine dyes to enhance light absorption. Studies have shown that beyond the conventional role of thiazine dyes as colorants, they can serve as effective photosensitizers when coupled with TiO2. This tandem not only facilitates the elimination of thiazine dyes, such as MB, from water but also augments the improvement of the photocatalytic performance of TiO2 materials. The synergy between dye sensitizers and TiO2 enhances the overall efficiency of processes like dye degradation and water splitting. Dye sensitizers, acting as light energy absorbers, can efficiently transfer this energy to TiO2, thereby promoting electron transfer and generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS, in turn, initiate chemical reactions, rendering dye sensitizers valuable in applications such as wastewater treatment, solar energy conversion, and environmental remediation. As such, it is crucial to acknowledge the potential drawbacks associated with thiazine dyes, including toxicity and non-biodegradability. Consequently, careful consideration must be given to thiazine dye application and disposal. Therefore, this review manuscript delves into the comprehensive exploration of TiO2-based photosensitizers, shedding light on their efficacy in various photocatalytic processes for thiazine dye removal.

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“…The recoil of absorption and emission interferes with the particle velocities of the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution so that the collisional and the radiative process are coupled. There is in fact only a single equilibrium and a single temperature [ 16 ]. This is different for the universe which is an ensemble of a large number of stars and galaxies.…”

Section: The Self-gravitating System Of the Universe And Atomic Nanoc...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, pressure or heat capacity are not defined properties of the universe, and Equation (6) is not applicable. A negative heat capacity, as claimed in the gravo-thermal catastrophe [ 13 ], is a consequence of falsely interpreting the change of monotonic kinetic energy as heat instead of gravitational work [ 16 ]. The problem is related to the one discussed in Figure 1 for bond dissociation work, except that gravity scales as

and is, therefore, of much longer range than the dissociative branch of the Lennard Jones potential that scales typically as

.…”

Section: The Self-gravitating System Of the Universe And Atomic Nanoc...mentioning

confidence: 99%

What Is Heat? Can Heat Capacities Be Negative?

Roduner

2023

Entropy

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In the absence of work, the exchange of heat of a sample of matter corresponds to the change of its internal energy, given by the kinetic energy of random translational motion of all its constituent atoms or molecules relative to the center of mass of the sample, plus the excitation of quantum states, such as vibration and rotation, and the energy of electrons in excess to their ground state. If the sample of matter is equilibrated it is described by Boltzmann’s statistical thermodynamics and characterized by a temperature T. Monotonic motion such as that of the stars of an expanding universe is work against gravity and represents the exchange of kinetic and potential energy, as described by the virial theorem, but not an exchange of heat. Heat and work are two distinct properties of thermodynamic systems. Temperature is defined for the radiative cosmic background and for individual stars, but for the ensemble of moving stars neither temperature, nor pressure, nor heat capacities are properly defined, and the application of thermodynamics is, therefore, not advised. For equilibrated atomic nanoclusters, in contrast, one may talk about negative heat capacities when kinetic energy is transformed into potential energy of expanding bonds.

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The origin of irreversibility and thermalization in thermodynamic processes

Cited by 13 publications

References 196 publications

RETRACTED: Envariance as a Symmetry in Quantum Mechanics and Applications to Statistical Mechanics

RETRACTED: Envariance as a Symmetry in Quantum Mechanics and Applications to Statistical Mechanics

Harnessing visible light: enhancing TiO2 photocatalysis with photosensitizers for sustainable and efficient environmental solutions

What Is Heat? Can Heat Capacities Be Negative?

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