The origin of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs)

Denner, Joachim

doi:10.1007/s00705-020-04925-8

Cited by 19 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…PERV is the result of a trans-species transmission of a retrovirus or retroviruses from other species to the pig [47,48]. Trans-species transmission of retroviruses was and is a common mechanism of retrovirus distribution.…”

Section: The Origin Of Pervmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PERVs are the result of a trans-species transmission of precursor retroviruses from different animals and further evolution in the pig genome. Ancestral PERV-like sequences were found in lesser Egyptian jerboas (Jaculus jaculus), in rock hyraxes (Procavia capensis), and in eight murid species, indicating an ancient trans-species transmission from non-porcine species to pigs [47,48] (Figure 2). , which are apathogenic in their natural hosts, resulting in highly pathogenic human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2).…”

Section: The Origin Of Pervmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(B) Example of a trans-species transmission of a gammaretrovirus, the koala retrovirus (KoRV), which is closely related to PERV, which induces lymphoma and immunodeficiency in koalas, and which was possibly derived from bats or rodents [52,53]. (C) Trans-species transmission from different species resulted in integrated PERVs in the pig genome [47,48].…”

Section: The Origin Of Pervmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses and Xenotransplantation, 2021

Denner

2021

Viruses

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Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) are integrated in the genome of all pigs, and some of them are able to infect human cells. Therefore, PERVs pose a risk for xenotransplantation, the transplantation of pig cells, tissues, or organ to humans in order to alleviate the shortage of human donor organs. Up to 2021, a huge body of knowledge about PERVs has been accumulated regarding their biology, including replication, recombination, origin, host range, and immunosuppressive properties. Until now, no PERV transmission has been observed in clinical trials transplanting pig islet cells into diabetic humans, in preclinical trials transplanting pig cells and organs into nonhuman primates with remarkable long survival times of the transplant, and in infection experiments with several animal species. Nevertheless, in order to prevent virus transmission to the recipient, numerous strategies have been developed, including selection of PERV-C-free animals, RNA interference, antiviral drugs, vaccination, and genome editing. Furthermore, at present there are no more experimental approaches to evaluate the full risk until we move to the clinic.

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Section: The Origin Of Pervmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Origin Of Pervmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Origin Of Pervmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses and Xenotransplantation, 2021

Denner

2021

Viruses

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“…However, when the passaging of the PERV-A/C was stopped, i.e., there was no more a selection pressure, the virus lost some of the repeats and acquired mutations in the transcription factor binding domains reversing their function [ 63 ]. This in vitro evolution experiment simulated the situation that might have happened in the natural evolution of PERV [ 64 ]. In a parallel experiment, passaging molecular clones of PERV-B in 293 cells resulted in the loss and gain of 39-base pair repeats [ 65 ].…”

Section: Data On Perv-a/c Recombinants In Various Minipig Strainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Prevalence of Recombinant Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses (PERV-A/Cs) in Minipigs: A Review on Origin and Presence

Denner

Hj²

2021

Viruses

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Minipigs play an important role in biomedical research and they have also been used as donor animals for preclinical xenotransplantations. Since zoonotic microorganisms including viruses can be transmitted when pig cells, tissues or organs are transplanted, virus safety is an important feature in xenotransplantation. Whereas most porcine viruses can be eliminated from pig herds by different strategies, this is not possible for porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs). PERVs are integrated in the genome of pigs and some of them release infectious particles able to infect human cells. Whereas PERV-A and PERV-B are present in all pigs and can infect cells from humans and other species, PERV-C is present in most, but not all pigs and infects only pig cells. Recombinant viruses between PERV-A and PERV-C have been found in some pigs; these recombinants infect human cells and are characterized by high replication rates. PERV-A/C recombinants have been found mainly in minipigs of different origin. The possible reasons of this high prevalence of PERV-A/C in minipigs, including inbreeding and higher numbers and expression of replication-competent PERV-C in these animals, are discussed in this review. Based on these data, it is highly recommended to use only pig donors in clinical xenotransplantation that are negative for PERV-C.

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“…PERVs are endogenous retroviruses integrated during evolution of the pig into the genome of pigs. 9 They are part of the pig DNA, 10 and where cellular genes are present in the pig genome usually as one copy, PERVs are present as around 60 copies. Although there are differences in the sequence of PERV-A, PERV-B and PERV-C, all PERVs are highly conserved in the polymerase region (pol).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The origin of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs)

Cited by 19 publications

References 57 publications

Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses and Xenotransplantation, 2021

Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses and Xenotransplantation, 2021

High Prevalence of Recombinant Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses (PERV-A/Cs) in Minipigs: A Review on Origin and Presence

Detection of cell‐free pig DNA using integrated PERV sequences to monitor xenotransplant tissue damage and rejection

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