The Origin of the Variations of the Hyoid Apparatus in Human

Rodríguez‐Vázquez, José Francisco; Verdugo-López, Samuel; Abé, Hiroshi; Murakami, Gen

doi:10.1002/ar.23166

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…The smaller caudal segment of Reichert’s cartilage develops in close relation to the oropharynx and undergoes endochondral ossification to form lesser horns of the hyoid. No cartilage connection between these segments exists, although they are temporarily linked by a mesenchymal band, which is thought to differentiate into muscles and ligaments [ 39 ]. The cartilage element of the third PA does not bear any eponymous name and contributes to the development of greater horns of the hyoid and possibly to superior horns of the thyroid [ 40 ].…”

Section: Anatomy and Fate Of Pharyngeal Archesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mandibular and Hyoid Arches—From Molecular Patterning to Shaping Bone and Cartilage

Fabik

Psutkova

Machoň

2021

IJMS

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The mandibular and hyoid arches collectively make up the facial skeleton, also known as the viscerocranium. Although all three germ layers come together to assemble the pharyngeal arches, the majority of tissue within viscerocranial skeletal components differentiates from the neural crest. Since nearly one third of all birth defects in humans affect the craniofacial region, it is important to understand how signalling pathways and transcription factors govern the embryogenesis and skeletogenesis of the viscerocranium. This review focuses on mouse and zebrafish models of craniofacial development. We highlight gene regulatory networks directing the patterning and osteochondrogenesis of the mandibular and hyoid arches that are actually conserved among all gnathostomes. The first part of this review describes the anatomy and development of mandibular and hyoid arches in both species. The second part analyses cell signalling and transcription factors that ensure the specificity of individual structures along the anatomical axes. The third part discusses the genes and molecules that control the formation of bone and cartilage within mandibular and hyoid arches and how dysregulation of molecular signalling influences the development of skeletal components of the viscerocranium. In conclusion, we notice that mandibular malformations in humans and mice often co-occur with hyoid malformations and pinpoint the similar molecular machinery controlling the development of mandibular and hyoid arches.

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Section: Anatomy and Fate Of Pharyngeal Archesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mandibular and Hyoid Arches—From Molecular Patterning to Shaping Bone and Cartilage

Fabik

Psutkova

Machoň

2021

IJMS

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“…In contrast, Rodríguez-Vázquez et al [ 40 , 41 ] described the further development of the Reichert’s cartilage in human embryos and fetuses in less complicated manner. The second branchial arch cartilage is formed in two independent segments (cranial—styloid and caudal—hyoid) separated by embryonic connective tissue—mesenchyme.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Syndrome of Elongated Styloid Process, the Eagle’s Syndrome—From Anatomical, Evolutionary and Embryological Backgrounds to 3D Printing and Personalized Surgery Planning. Report of Five Cases

et al. 2020

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Background and Objectives: The symptoms of Eagle’s syndrome are associated with the elongated styloid process of the temporal bone or calcification of the stylohyoid ligament. The first mention of pain syndrome associated with the elongated styloid process dates back to 1937, when it was described by Watt Weems Eagle. Over the last decade, experts in the field have shown a lively interest in the issue of the relationship between the elongated styloid process and various symptoms. This article presents the correlation between the clinical signs of Eagle’s syndrome and alterations in surrounding anatomical structures. It includes a brief review of the evolutionary, embryological and clinical anatomical background of the elongated styloid process. Materials and Methods: Between 2018 and 2019, five patients were admitted to our workplace with 1–3-year history of bilateral or unilateral throat pain, otalgia and pharyngeal foreign body sensation. As a therapeutic novelty in the surgical approach to this condition, we used individual 3D printed models to measure and identify the exact location of the resection of the styloid process without damaging the surrounding anatomical structures, such as the facial, accessory, hypoglossal, and vagal nerves; the internal jugular vein; and the internal carotid artery. Results: Compared to traditional surgical methods without 3D models, 3D models helped to better identify cutting edges and major landmarks used in surgical treatment of Eagle’s syndrome. Printed models provided assistance with the exact location of the styloid process resection position without damaging the surrounding anatomical structures such as the facial, accessory, hypoglossal, and vagal nerves; the internal jugular vein; and the internal carotid artery. Conclusion: In our clinical report, we used 3D printed models for navigation and planning during surgical procedures involving resections of the elongated styloid process. Additionally, we can formulate a new hypothesis: the elongated styloid process is a form of atavism of the bony hyoid apparatus in our evolutionary ancestors that is evolutionarily encoded or arises from disrupted degeneration of the middle portion of embryonal Reichert´s cartilage of the second pharyngeal arch. Under normal conditions, this portion does not ossify but degenerates and transforms into a connective tissue band, the future stylohyoid ligament.

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“…If not related to trauma or local radiotherapy, the exact cause of the styloid process elongation due to calcification and subsequent ossification of the ligament is unclear. It has been speculated that it may be related to variations in the development of Reichert’s cartilage during embryogenesis or may be determined genetically [25, 26]. Various hypotheses have been proposed, such as the theory of reactive metaplasia, reactive hyperplasia, anatomic variance secondary to aging, developmental anomaly, or trauma leading to simulating tendinosis due to loss of elasticity of the SHL [27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stylohyoid Ligament Calcification: A Greater-Than-Expected Cause of Otalgia in Turner Syndrome

Monteagudo

Rossinol

Verreschi

et al. 2019

Journal of the Endocrine Society

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Context Otitis is common in patients with Turner syndrome (TS) and may be misdiagnosed in the presence of other causes of otalgia. Objective We hypothesized that stylohyoid ligament calcification (SLC), named Eagle syndrome (ES), is a common cause of otalgia in TS. Design Cohort of 1-year data collection. Setting We analyzed all consecutive women with Turner syndrome (TW). Patients Ninety-six TW and 55 age-paired normal control women (CW). Intervention Participants were asked about current or past otalgia and had bilateral tonsillar palatine palpated by the same physician. Main Outcome Measures When otalgia or cervicalgia plus painful palatine tonsil palpation was positive, participants underwent facial X-ray or three-dimensional cranial CT. If SLC was >25 mm, ES was confirmed. Results Thirty-four TW (35%) had clinical signs and 27/34 (79%) had radiologically confirmed ES. Of the TW with confirmed ES (27/96; 28%), 14 (51.9%) were inadvertently treated for recurrent otitis as a presumed cause of otalgia. Eleven of the TW with ES (26.1%) were below age 21. There was no association with karyotype, age, body mass index, or growth hormone use. Ten CW (18.2%) complained of symptoms of ES, but only 4 (7.3%) were radiologically confirmed (CW vs TW, P < 0.01), and none were <21 years old. ES occurred more at younger ages in TW (P < 0.002). Conclusion ES is more prevalent in TW than in controls and occurs at younger ages. ES must be assessed as a common comorbidity of TS at any age, especially during childhood, as a differential diagnosis of otalgia.

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The Origin of the Variations of the Hyoid Apparatus in Human

Cited by 15 publications

References 51 publications

The Mandibular and Hyoid Arches—From Molecular Patterning to Shaping Bone and Cartilage

The Mandibular and Hyoid Arches—From Molecular Patterning to Shaping Bone and Cartilage

The Syndrome of Elongated Styloid Process, the Eagle’s Syndrome—From Anatomical, Evolutionary and Embryological Backgrounds to 3D Printing and Personalized Surgery Planning. Report of Five Cases

Stylohyoid Ligament Calcification: A Greater-Than-Expected Cause of Otalgia in Turner Syndrome

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