The Origins and Organization of Vertebrate Pavlovian Conditioning

Fanselow, Michael S.; Wassum, Kate M.

doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a021717

Cited by 95 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 226 publications

(234 reference statements)

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“…During appetitive Pavlovian conditioning, a mental association is formed between reward-predictive stimulus and the unconditioned appetitive event (e.g., food item) with which it is associated (Fanselow & Wassum 2015, Berridge 2001, Rescorla & Solomon 1967, Dickinson & Balleine 2002). Subsequently, by recalling the more general (i.e., specific identity-independent) motivational features of the paired reward (e.g., nutritive or fluidic properties, not specific taste), a reward cue can motivate a broad range of instrumental actions (though typically those earning a categorically similar reward) (Corbit & Balleine 2005, Balleine 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The invigoration of instrumental activity induced by the sucrose-predictive cue could be interpreted to reflect primarily the general (rather than specific) form PIT, because the stimulus invigorated responding on an action that, in training, earned a distinct, grape-flavored polycose reward (Dickinson & Balleine 2002, Cartoni et al 2013, Fanselow & Wassum 2015, Balleine 1994, Dickinson & Balleine 1994). Indeed, sucrose and polycose work through separate taste channels in the rat (Sclafani 1991, Ackroff et al 1993) and were confirmed here to be discriminable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nucleus accumbens core dopamine signaling tracks the need‐based motivational value of food‐paired cues

Aitken¹,

Greenfield²,

Wassum³

2016

Journal of Neurochemistry

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104

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Environmental reward-predictive stimuli provide a major source of motivation for instrumental reward-seeking activity and this has been linked to dopamine signaling in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). This cue-induced incentive motivation can be quite general, not restricted to instrumental actions that earn the same unique reward, and is also typically regulated by one’s current need state, such that cues only motivate actions when this is adaptive. But it is unknown whether cue-evoked dopamine signaling is similarly regulated by need state. Here we used fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to monitor dopamine concentration changes in the NAc core of rats during a Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) task in which the motivating influence of two cues, each signaling a distinct food reward (sucrose or food pellets), over an action earning a third unique food reward (grape-flavored polycose) was assessed in a state of hunger and of satiety. Both cues elicited a robust NAc dopamine response when hungry. The magnitude of the sucrose cue-evoked dopamine response correlated with the PIT effect that was selectively induced by this stimulus. Satiety attenuated these cue-evoked dopamine responses and behavioral responding, even though rats had never experienced the specific food rewards in this state. These data demonstrate that cue-evoked NAc core responses are sensitive to current need state, one critical variable that determines the current adaptive utility of cue-motivated behavior.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nucleus accumbens core dopamine signaling tracks the need‐based motivational value of food‐paired cues

Aitken¹,

Greenfield²,

Wassum³

2016

Journal of Neurochemistry

Self Cite

104

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The approach was used in several recent publications to test the psychological relevance of distributed neural ensembles activated during learning in a contextual fear-conditioning task (see Fanselow and Wassum 2015). In contextual fear conditioning, animals receive footshocks in a particular context (the conditioning box) that contains multimodal sensory cues (generally distinct visual, tactile, and odor cues).…”

Section: Optogenetic Manipulation During Retrievalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Memory Retrieval in Mice and Men

Ben-Yakov

Dudai

Mayford

2015

Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol

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Retrieval, the use of learned information, was until recently mostly terra incognita in the neurobiology of memory, owing to shortage of research methods with the spatiotemporal resolution required to identify and dissect fast reactivation or reconstruction of complex memories in the mammalian brain. The development of novel paradigms, model systems, and new tools in molecular genetics, electrophysiology, optogenetics, in situ microscopy, and functional imaging, have contributed markedly in recent years to our ability to investigate brain mechanisms of retrieval. We review selected developments in the study of explicit retrieval in the rodent and human brain. The picture that emerges is that retrieval involves coordinated fast interplay of sparse and distributed corticohippocampal and neocortical networks that may permit permutational binding of representational elements to yield specific representations. These representations are driven largely by the activity patterns shaped during encoding, but are malleable, subject to the influence of time and interaction of the existing memory with novel information.

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“…Instead of being exact "copies" of unconditioned responses (URs), CRs may be substantially different from URs, providing the organism with preparatory or compensatory mechanisms in advance of reward or punishment. For example, while a single electric shock increases behavioral activity, during fear conditioning repeated pairings of shocks with a CS result in the development of freezing responses to the cue (Fanselow and Wassum 2015). Thus, as stated by Boakes (1977): "we need not only to understand how the animal learns to associate the two events but also what the behavioral consequences of such learning are.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The sensory features of a food cue influence its ability to act as an incentive stimulus and evoke dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens core

et al. 2016

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The sensory properties of a reward-paired cue (a conditioned stimulus; CS) may impact the motivational value attributed to the cue, and in turn influence the form of the conditioned response (CR) that develops. A cue with multiple sensory qualities, such as a moving lever-CS, may activate numerous neural pathways that process auditory and visual information, resulting in CRs that vary both within and between individuals. For example, CRs include approach to the lever-CS itself (rats that "sign-track"; ST), approach to the location of reward delivery (rats that "goal-track"; GT), or an "intermediate" combination of these behaviors. We found that the multimodal sensory features of the lever-CS were important to the development and expression of sign-tracking. When the lever-CS was covered, and thus could only be heard moving, STs not only continued to approach the lever location but also started to approach the food cup during the CS period. While still predictive of reward, the auditory component of the lever-CS was a much weaker conditioned reinforcer than the visible lever-CS. This plasticity in behavioral responding observed in STs closely resembled behaviors normally seen in rats classified as "intermediates." Furthermore, the ability of both the lever-CS and the reward-delivery to evoke dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens was also altered by covering the lever-dopamine signaling in STs resembled neurotransmission observed in rats that normally only GT. These data suggest that while the visible lever-CS was attractive, wanted, and had incentive value for STs, when presented in isolation, the auditory component of the cue was simply predictive of reward, lacking incentive salience. Therefore, the specific sensory features of cues may differentially contribute to responding and ensure behavioral flexibility.

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The Origins and Organization of Vertebrate Pavlovian Conditioning

Cited by 95 publications

References 226 publications

Nucleus accumbens core dopamine signaling tracks the need‐based motivational value of food‐paired cues

Nucleus accumbens core dopamine signaling tracks the need‐based motivational value of food‐paired cues

Memory Retrieval in Mice and Men

The sensory features of a food cue influence its ability to act as an incentive stimulus and evoke dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens core

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