The Origins and Social Consequences of China's<i>Hukou</i>System

Cheng, Tao; Selden, Mark

doi:10.1017/s0305741000043083

Cited by 806 publications

(409 citation statements)

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“…10. The hukou system is a household registration system in China, which was developed in the 1950s for surveys of the population at that time but later became an important tool for government control (Chen and Seldon, 1994). Some scholars call it 'an internal greencard' system because it is a key institution that de nes individual socioeconomic status and opportunities (Chan, 1994).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Housing Tenure Choice in Transitional Urban China: A Multilevel Analysis

2002

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Summary. Using a 1996 national survey of housing in China and a multilevel modelling technique, we examine housing tenure choice in transitional urban China where households have been granted limited freedom of choice in the housing market since the housing reforms of 1988. We nd that both market mechanisms and institutional forces affect households' tenure choice in urban China. While some socioeconomic factors such as age, household size, household income and housing price have similar effects on tenure choice as in the West, others such as the number of workers and marital status have rather different effects. In addition, factors characterising institutional relationships among the state, work units and households, such as hukou, job rank and work unit rank, still play important roles in tenure choice.Since the 1980s, most socialist economies have been in a process of transition and studies of transitional economies have become major topics in economics, geography, sociology and political science. Compared with the 'shock therapy' in eastern European countries and the USSR, the transition in China has been gradual and evolutionary (McMillan and Naughton, 1996). As part of the transition to a market economy, housing reform in urban China was launched nationwide in 1988. It aims to introduce market mechanisms to a heavily subsidised housing system and to transform housing from a welfare good to a commodity. To ensure a smooth transition, a dual system with 'new policies for the new housing stock, old methods for the old housing stock' (xin fang xin zhi du, lao fang lao bai fa) has been central to housing policies (State Council, 1998). While a housing market is emerging, the socialist forces in the housing system-such as the housing subsidies by work units-persist. It is this side-by-side combination of market mechanisms and institutional forces that creates the transitional nature of China's current housing system and sets a unique context within which households make tenure choices.Urban households in China, who had few housing choices but to wait for subsidised rental housing (also 'public housing', gong fang) in the socialist era, now have choices regarding both housing type and

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Housing Tenure Choice in Transitional Urban China: A Multilevel Analysis

2002

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“…Modelled after the 'internal passport' system of the Soviet Union, the hukou system classified each Chinese citizen as either an 'agricultural' (nongmin 农民) or 'non-agricultural' resident (fei nongmin 非农民). A certain set of rights (and prohibitions) was associated with this classification, the primary of which was severely restricted movement between (rural) communes and/or (urban) industrial units (for a historical overview, see Cheng and Selden, 1994;Chan, 2009). …”

Section: Is China a Developmental State?mentioning

confidence: 99%

China: an East Asian alternative to neoliberalism?

Horesh

Lim

2016

The Pacific Review

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“…10 Historically, hukou codified spatial and statesupplied entitlement hierarchies for the main purpose of enforcing the urban and rural divide (Cheng and Selden 1994); however, the actual functioning and resulting extent of differentiations of hukou depends to a large extent on local decisions by cadres and managers and on the changing nature of the work unit. The oilfields and refineries in this study constitute an interesting set of SOEs in that their location and recruitment pattern bridge the urban-rural divide.…”

Section: B Fragmentation Of the Working Class And Its Implications Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Class Formation or Fragmentation? Allegiances and Divisions among Managers and Workers in State-Owned Enterprises

Lin¹

2009

Laid-Off Workers in a Workers’ State

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This essay argues that crosscutting allegiances between managers and workers, and between existing workers and ex-workers, have formed strong social and psychological bases for sustained collective action and inaction during a period of organizational transformation in contemporary China. This thesis challenges the conventional wisdom that implies either class formation during marketization or the failure of such as an explanation for the alleged limits of the working class in mobilizing to defend its social contract against the central state. Through in-depth case studies of Chinese oilfields and refineries, I identify patterns of fragmentation deriving from intergenerational differences among the workers, managerial incentive structures, and the continuing reworking of patron-client relations between subgroups of workers and managers. I conclude that managers' and workers' passive and active responses to the state's rapid dismantling of the socialist notion of "class" in a self-sufficient work unit have placed a tangible social limit on authoritarian institutional innovation. RESUMENEste ensayo sostiene que las alianzas transversales entre gerentes y trabajadores y entre trabajadores actuales y ex-trabajadores, han dado fuertes bases sociales y psicológicas para la acción y la inacción colectivas durante un período de transformación organizacional en la China contemporánea. Esta tesis desafía el saber convencional, que postula o bien la formación de clases durante los períodos de mercantilización o el fracaso de tal formación como explicaciones para los supuestos límites a la movilización de la clase trabajadora contra el estado central en defensa de su contrato social. A través de profundos estudios de caso de yacimientos y refinerías chinos, identifico patrones de fragmentación que derivan de las diferencias intergeneracionales entre los trabajadores, las estructuras de incentivos gerenciales y la redefinición continua de relaciones patrón-cliente entre subgrupos de trabajadores y gerentes. Concluyo que las respuestas pasivas y activas de los gerentes y de los trabajadores al rápido desmantelamiento estatal de la noción socialista de "clase" en una unidad de trabajo autosuficiente han puesto un límite social tangible a la innovación institucional autoritaria.

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The Origins and Social Consequences of China'sHukouSystem

Cited by 806 publications

References 4 publications

Housing Tenure Choice in Transitional Urban China: A Multilevel Analysis

Housing Tenure Choice in Transitional Urban China: A Multilevel Analysis

China: an East Asian alternative to neoliberalism?

Class Formation or Fragmentation? Allegiances and Divisions among Managers and Workers in State-Owned Enterprises

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