The Origins of AIDS

Pépin, Jacques

doi:10.1017/cbo9781139005234

Cited by 128 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 355 publications

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“…These studies also revealed that all groups of HIV-1 and SIVgor cluster within the SIVcpzPtt lineage, thus identifying P. t. troglodytes apes as the original source of both human and gorilla viruses (24,47,72,79). However, except for ANT (76) and the only partially characterized DRC1 virus (84), all other SIVcpzPts strains were derived from infected apes in Gombe and Ugalla (29,54,55), thus leaving the evolutionary history of viruses from the remaining parts of the P. t. schweinfurthii range open to question (45). In this study, we tested all antibody-positive fecal samples from the DRC for the presence of SIVcpz sequences.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although it remains unknown exactly how humans acquired the ape precursors of HIV-1 groups M, N, O, and P, cross-species transmission must have occurred through cutaneous or mucous membrane exposure to infected ape blood and/or body fluids which occurs most frequently in the context of bushmeat hunting (24). While firm data concerning the frequencies and types of human-ape interactions in the DRC are lacking, it is believed that hunting varies regionally due to differences in local traditions and preferences, with some tribes having taboos against the consumption of apes (45). Thus, human exposure to SIVcpz may have historically been lower in the DRC than in west central Africa, and this may SIVcpzPts strains are aligned in their transmembrane domain to the corresponding region of the HIV-1 group M consensus as previously described (36).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, all groups of HIV-1 as well as viruses (SIVgor) from western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) fall into just one of these lineages, clustering with SIVcpzPtt from P. t. troglodytes, which implicates the central subspecies as the source of both human and gorilla infections (30,65,72,79). In contrast, evidence for transmission of SIVcpzPts strains to either humans or sympatric eastern gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) is lacking (41), raising questions as to the relative abundance and distribution of SIVcpz in wild-living P. t. schweinfurthii populations (45).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Eastern Chimpanzees, but Not Bonobos, Represent a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Reservoir

Ndjango

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et al. 2012

J Virol

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Chimpanzees in west central Africa ( Pan troglodytes troglodytes ) are endemically infected with simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVcpz Ptt ) that have crossed the species barrier to humans and gorillas on at least five occasions, generating pandemic and nonpandemic forms of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) as well as gorilla SIV (SIVgor). Chimpanzees in east Africa ( Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii ) are also infected with SIVcpz; however, their viruses (SIVcpz Pts ) have never been found in humans. To examine whether this is due to a paucity of natural infections, we used noninvasive methods to screen wild-living eastern chimpanzees in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Uganda, and Rwanda. We also screened bonobos ( Pan paniscus ) in the DRC, a species not previously tested for SIV in the wild. Fecal samples ( n = 3,108) were collected at 50 field sites, tested for species and subspecies origin, and screened for SIVcpz antibodies and nucleic acids. Of 2,565 samples from eastern chimpanzees, 323 were antibody positive and 92 contained viral RNA. The antibody-positive samples represented 76 individuals from 19 field sites, all sampled north of the Congo River in an area spanning 250,000 km 2 . In this region, SIVcpz Pts was common and widespread, with seven field sites exhibiting infection rates of 30% or greater. The overall prevalence of SIVcpz Pts infection was 13.4% (95% confidence interval, 10.7% to 16.5%). In contrast, none of the 543 bonobo samples from six sites was antibody positive. All newly identified SIVcpz Pts strains clustered in strict accordance to their subspecies origin; however, they exhibited considerable genetic diversity, especially in protein domains known to be under strong host selection pressure. Thus, the absence of SIVcpz Pts zoonoses cannot be explained by an insufficient primate reservoir. Instead, greater adaptive hurdles may have prevented the successful colonization of humans by P. t. schweinfurthii viruses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Eastern Chimpanzees, but Not Bonobos, Represent a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Reservoir

Ndjango

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et al. 2012

J Virol

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“…Haitians contracted HIV from residents of the DRC, which resulted in the illness moving to the South Americas (Netburn, 2016). The virus was then carried from Haiti to the United States as a result of the flourishing sex tourism within Haiti, which is how Americans came into contact with HIV in America circa 1970/80s (Pepin, 2011). When the initial cases of HIV were reported in the United States, the virus stumped the medical profession as there was a lack of knowledge regarding the illness -since HIV patients presented similar symptoms and were not responding to medications.…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Aidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

AIDS Represented Within the Media

MacIsaac¹

2017

DJIM

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This paper is about the media portrayal of HIV/AIDS within America primarily during the first two decades of the epidemic. This paper will outline different types of media and how they portrayed those affected with this illness. The news mainly indicated that those who were gay, intravenous drug-users, or haemophiliacs were the key demographic to contract HIV/AIDS. Many began to feel invincible to HIV/AIDS because the media was highlighting specific demographics of people. The Center of Disease Control's (CDC) statistics indicate that gay men were not the 'high risk' population, but young African and Hispanic adults were at highest risk. The purpose of this paper is to indicate that the media swayed public opinion, as seen in Kathleen Farrell's study, which spread misconceptions about how this illness was contracted, transmitted, and how HIV positive individuals led their lives.

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“…causes of Africa's AIDS epidemic and/or the "accurate" policy approaches and protocols to prevent and treat AIDS in Africa (Epstein 2007;Garrett 1994;Lanegran and Hyden 1993;PEPFAR 2008;Pepin 2011;Pisani 2008; UNAIDS HIV Prevention Toolkit 2008).…”

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confidence: 99%

In Search of Safety, Negotiating Everyday Forms of Risk: Sex Work, Criminalization, and HIV/AIDS in the Slums of Kampala

Cruz¹

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Kazinda, who helped keep me safe, clean, and healthy in Makindye. I give special thanks to Beyonce, Hajarah, and Diana, for standing beside me even when it was uncertain if I would be able to continue. I am especially grateful for the assistance of Daisy, Rose, Sarah, Gloria, and George, who made it possible for my research to endure. Finally, the words on these pages have no meaning, no reality, and no substance without every woman and man, who chose to connect with me during the arduous fourteen months of primary data collection in Kampala, thank you, forevermore. The dissertation finds social networks and social capital provide the basis for community formation in the sex trade. It holds that these interpersonal processes are necessary components for how women manage daily risks associated with sex work and criminalization. However, the dissertation also finds that women's social connections can undermine the strategies they need to manage their HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment.Consequently, the dissertation concludes that social connections undermine current HIV/AIDS policies because clinical HIV/AIDS interventions have been found to prioritize individual behavioral change practices that impair the complex interpersonal ix activities developed by women to stay alive. In response, this dissertation asserts that social networks are fundamental to the formation of sex work communities and to the survival of women in the sex trade and should be considered in future HIV policies and programs intending to intervene in the HIV epidemic of female commercial sex workers in Kampala, Uganda.x In order to develop a dissertation proposal it was important that I immerse myself, as much as possible, into the daily routines of the NGO. Doing so allowed me to cultivate ties with staff. These relationships offered a chance to attend outreaches at night. The combination of day and night visitations within the sex work areas provided a means of comparing and contrasting how women behaved in relation to the presence of men. My observations, in turn, began a series of internal questions concerning women's daily routines, their relationships with men and other women, and the resources they devise to counter explicit threats to their individual safety and security (gossip, coercive practices, jealousies, in-fighting, theft, police violence, abuse, and/or rape within their respective communities). I departed Uganda, with these thoughts in mind and eventually developed a successfully funded proposal that allowed me to move to Kampala on 2 June 2012. People, Policy, and PurposeUltimately, this dissertation is about policy. Specifically it is about the policy of HIV/AIDS relief in the East African context. Rather than beginning with an exploration of how HIV/AIDS policies impact people, this dissertation first describes how daily survival for women selling sex in Kampala has implications for policy designed to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS. At its core the research of this dissertation is concerned women and men (i.e. names and cell ph...

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The Origins of AIDS

Cited by 128 publications

References 355 publications

Eastern Chimpanzees, but Not Bonobos, Represent a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Reservoir

Eastern Chimpanzees, but Not Bonobos, Represent a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Reservoir

AIDS Represented Within the Media

In Search of Safety, Negotiating Everyday Forms of Risk: Sex Work, Criminalization, and HIV/AIDS in the Slums of Kampala

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