The Orphan Lode Mine, Grand Canyon, Arizona; a case history of a mineralized, collapse-breccia pipe

Geochemical characterization of groundwater discharging from springs north of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, 2009–2016

“…Study area with uranium mining withdrawal areas (red outline) and spring sample locations identified by the geologic unit they discharge from. Location of mineralized breccia pipes can be found in the following references; Alpine, 2010;Brown and others, 1992;Chenoweth, 1986Chenoweth, , 1988Verbeek and others, 1988;Wenrich and others, 1988Wenrich and others, , 1990Wenrich and others, , 1997Sutphin and Weinrich, 1989;VanGosen andWeinrich, 1989, 1991;Finch and others, 1990;Wenrich, 1992;Wenrich and Aumente-Modreski, 1994;Gardner, 1998;Mazeika, 2002;Ross and Moreton, 2012. Sandstone ( …”

“…Rider and Fence Springs had distinctly different water type classifications compared with the other spring samples in this study, with a larger proportion of sodium and potassium and chloride. All springs discharging from the Toroweap Formation sampled for this study had a dominant sulfate anion, which may be due to gypsum dissolution from the host rocks (Beisner and others, 2017 [1][2][3][4][5][6]18,19,22,23,[25][26][27][28][29]31,32,34 Numbers Site Name Numbers Site Name Alpine, 2010;Brown and others, 1992;Chenoweth, 1986Chenoweth, , 1988Verbeek and others, 1988;Wenrich and others, 1988Wenrich and others, , 1990Wenrich and others, , 1997Sutphin and Weinrich, 1989;VanGosen andWeinrich, 1989, 1991;Finch and others, 1990;Wenrich, 1992;Wenrich and Aumente-Modreski, 1994;Gardner, 1998;Mazeika, 2002;Ross and Moreton, 2012. Alpine, 2010;…”

“…Trace element concentration for arsenic (A ), selenium (B ), and uranium (C ) from spring samples. Location of mineralized breccia pipes can be found in the following references; Alpine, 2010;Brown and others, 1992;Chenoweth, 1986Chenoweth, , 1988Verbeek and others, 1988;Wenrich and others, 1988Wenrich and others, , 1990Wenrich and others, , 1997Sutphin and Weinrich, 1989;VanGosen andWeinrich, 1989, 1991;Finch and others, 1990;Wenrich, 1992;Wenrich and Aumente-Modreski, 1994;Gardner, 1998;Mazeika, 2002;Ross and Moreton, 2012 The results from this study were compared with the descriptive statistics for more than 2,100 groundwater samples from across the United States (Lee and Helsel, 2005), which present statistical values for the following elements, As, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. Measured values for the same elements from our study were less than the maximum values in the Lee and Helsel (2005) study.…”

Analogues to features and processes of a high-level radioactive waste repository proposed for Yucca Mountain, Nevada

“…Breakdown is common in many caves, and some may date from the early stages of cave formation, as documented in one lava tube on Jeju, Korea, and noted in limestone caves where fallen material is coated with flowstone. Breccia pipes in northern Arizona and adjacent areas number in the thousands and represent stoping of limestone cavities to the surface, but these are apparently a special case of hydrothermal solutions eroding their way to the surface as nearly circular structures formed at joint intersections (Chenoweth, 1986(Chenoweth, , 1988. Heylmun (2001) suggested that there may be breccia pipes that are simply areas of collapse in limestone and are not associated with the hydrothermal systems described by Chenoweth (1986Chenoweth ( , 1988.…”

“…Breccia pipes in northern Arizona and adjacent areas number in the thousands and represent stoping of limestone cavities to the surface, but these are apparently a special case of hydrothermal solutions eroding their way to the surface as nearly circular structures formed at joint intersections (Chenoweth, 1986(Chenoweth, , 1988. Heylmun (2001) suggested that there may be breccia pipes that are simply areas of collapse in limestone and are not associated with the hydrothermal systems described by Chenoweth (1986Chenoweth ( , 1988. Figure 24 shows a breccia in Titus Canyon on the east side of Death Valley which could have originated by this mechanism, but such exposures are rare.…”