The Oscillatory Potentials of the Dark-Adapted Electroretinogram in Retinopathy of Prematurity

Akula, James D.; Mocko, Julie A.; Moskowitz, Anne; Hansen, Ronald M.; Fulton, Anne B.

doi:10.1167/iovs.07-0881

Cited by 62 publications

(61 citation statements)

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“…Both high and low oxygen levels are known to injure the immature photoreceptors [3,4]. Indeed, rat models of ROP are induced by rearing pups in habitats with alternating periods of relatively high and low oxygen during the critical period of rod outer segment elongation [5][6][7][8][9][10]. Following induction, abnormalities of the retinal vasculature ensue, as do abnormalities of the structure and function of the neural retina (figure 3) [3,[5][6][7][8][9]11].…”

Section: Nih-pa Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, rat models of ROP are induced by rearing pups in habitats with alternating periods of relatively high and low oxygen during the critical period of rod outer segment elongation [5][6][7][8][9][10]. Following induction, abnormalities of the retinal vasculature ensue, as do abnormalities of the structure and function of the neural retina (figure 3) [3,[5][6][7][8][9]11]. The abnormalities in the morphology of the retinal vasculature and in the function of the neural retina in ROP rats are similar to those found in pediatric ROP patients (figure 4) [7][8][9][11][12][13][14][15][16].…”

Section: Nih-pa Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The abnormalities in the morphology of the retinal vasculature and in the function of the neural retina in ROP rats are similar to those found in pediatric ROP patients (figure 4) [7][8][9][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Thus, translation from the rat models to the human condition may be justified.We use albino rat models of ROP to study the neural and vascular characteristics of the retina during development [5,6,8,9]. Different schedules of oxygen exposure induce a range of effects on the retinal vasculature and the neural retina that model the gamut of retinopathy, mild to severe, observed in human ROP cases.…”

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Retinal degenerative and hypoxic ischemic disease

et al. 2008

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A broad spectrum of retinal diseases affects both the retinal vasculature and the neural retina, including photoreceptor and postreceptor layers. The accepted clinical hallmarks of acute retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) are dilation and tortuosity of the retinal vasculature. Additionally, significant early and persistent effects on photoreceptor and postreceptor neural structures and function are demonstrated in ROP. In this paper, we focus on the results of longitudinal studies of electroretinographic (ERG) and vascular features in rats with induced retinopathies that model the gamut of human ROP, mild to severe. Two potential targets for pharmaceutical interventions emerge from the observations. The first target is immature photoreceptors because the status of the photoreceptors at an early age predicts later vascular outcome; this approach is appealing as it holds promise to prevent ROP. The second target is the interplay of the neural and vascular retinal networks, which develop cooperatively. Beneficial pharmaceutical interventions may be measured in improved visual outcome as well as lessening of the vascular abnormalities.As a system, the mammalian retina is vulnerable to diseases that affect the exquisitely balanced interplay of the neural retina and the vasculature that nourishes it. Visual loss occurs when this balance is disturbed. On the one hand, diseases such as photoreceptor degenerations that primarily affect the neural retina also affect the retinal vasculature. On the other hand, diseases that are clinically characterized by abnormality in the choroidal or retinal vasculature, such as age related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), also affect the retinal neurons. Thus, all such diseases fall within the broad group of hypoxic ischemic disorders of neural tissue. Photoreceptors, specialized cells that have the highest oxygen requirements of any cell in the body [1], are likely important in all hypoxic ischemic diseases of the retina. Translation from animal models to patientsThe photoreceptors are nestled closely to the choroidal vasculature (figure 1). Highly organized postreceptor retinal neurons form layers that are supplied by the retinal vessels. Although the choroid is the principal supply to the photoreceptors, degeneration of the photoreceptors is, nonetheless, associated with attenuation of the retinal arterioles [2]. Because the photoreceptor layer is such an extraordinary oxygen sink, it is presumed that, as photoreceptors degenerate, their metabolic demands wane and the retinal vasculature becomes attenuated consequent to the neural retina's chronic lower requirement for oxygen [2]. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptA tight link between the photoreceptors and the retinal vascular network is evident in the developing retina. Postreceptor cells differentiate before the photoreceptors, which are the last retinal cells to mature. As the formation of rod outer segments advances in a posterior to peripheral gradient, so too does vascular coverag...

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Section: Nih-pa Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nih-pa Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Retinal degenerative and hypoxic ischemic disease

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“…Although anatomically and physiologically different in several ways, the mixed rod/cone retina of the human and the rod-dominated rat retina show functional similarities of the inner retina (el Azazi & Wachtmeister 1990& Wachtmeister , 1991a& Wachtmeister ,b, 1993Moskowitz et al 2005;Akula et al 2007). At about 15 days of age, that is, after eye-opening, the ERG of the immature postnatal rat shows OPs of very low amplitudes as does the ERG of preterm infants (el Azazi & Wachtmeister 1990;Mactier et al 2013).…”

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confidence: 99%

The response of the neuronal adaptive system to background illumination and readaptation to dark in the immature retina

Wang

Azazi

Eklund

et al. 2014

Acta Ophthalmologica

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ABSTRACT.Purpose: Developmental characteristics of the neuronal adaptive system of the retina, focusing on background light (BGL) adaptation and readaptation functions, were studied by measuring the oscillatory response (SOP) of the electroretinogram (ERG). Methods: Digitally filtered and conventional ERGs were simultaneously recorded. Rats aged 15 and 17 days were studied during exposure to BGLs of two mesopic intensities and during readaptation to dark. Results: Results were compared to adult rats. In 'low mesopic' BGL SOP instantly dropped significantly to about half of its dark-adapted (DA) value contrary to mature rats, in which the SOP significantly increased. In 'high mesopic' BGL SOP decreased to about 20% and 30% of DA values in immature and adult rats, respectively. The process of recovery of SOP in darkness lacked the transient enhancement immediately as BGL was turned off, characteristic of adult rats. There were no major age differences in adaptive behaviour of a-wave. In young rats, recovery of b-wave was relatively slower. Conclusions: Properties of BGL adaptation and readaptation functions of the neuronal adaptive system in baby retina differed compared to the adult one by being less forceful and more restrained. Handling of mesopic illumination and recovery in the dark was immature. Development of these functions of the neuronal adaptive system progresses postnatally and lags behind that of the photoreceptor response and seems to be delayed also compared to that of the bipolar response.

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“…On the leading edge of the scotopic ERG bwave are a series of rhythmic, low amplitude superimposed oscillatory potentials (OPs) (63). OPs are hypothesized to reflect inner retinal function involving some combination of bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion cells, although from which cell types OPs specifically arise is unknown (63,121,122). We observed what appears to be abnormal OPs from Lrit1 +/-and Lrit1 -/-mice compared to OPs from Lrit1 +/+ mice ( Fig.…”

Section: Lrit1 Loss Causes Reduced Erg A-and B-wavesmentioning

confidence: 66%

Functional and structural impact of the loss of the leucine-rich repeat protein LRIT1 in the mouse retina.

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The Oscillatory Potentials of the Dark-Adapted Electroretinogram in Retinopathy of Prematurity

Abstract: Differences between OPs in healthy rats and healthy humans were substantial, suggesting that OPs in rat models of ROP are unlikely to provide insight into the effects of ROP on human OPs. Indeed, neither ROP model studied showed a pattern of effects similar to that in human ROP.

Cited by 62 publications

References 54 publications

Retinal degenerative and hypoxic ischemic disease

Retinal degenerative and hypoxic ischemic disease

The response of the neuronal adaptive system to background illumination and readaptation to dark in the immature retina

Functional and structural impact of the loss of the leucine-rich repeat protein LRIT1 in the mouse retina.

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