The osmotic effect of hyper-saline hydraulic fracturing fluid on rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Delompré, P.L.M.; Blewett, Tamzin A.; Snihur, Katherine N.; Flynn, Shannon L.; Alessi, Daniel S.; Glover, Chris N.; Goss, Greg G.

doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.03.009

Cited by 22 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…In the U.S. and Canada, laboratory data show that exposure to FPW inhibits the survival, growth, and reproduction of aquatic animals (see the Supporting Information for detailed results of these toxicity studies), ,− causing functional and morphological impairment in exposed animals (Supporting Information, Figure S4) − and changing the expression of a battery of genes, including those responsible for biotransformation (cytochrome p450 families), detoxification ( udpgt and gst ), oxidative stress ( sod , gpx , cat ), and embryonic development ( atp2a2a , tnnt2a , and nkx2.5 ). ,, Many of these changes in gene expression are believed to be associated with impaired performance and metabolism (e.g., organic toxicant metabolism), along with sublethal toxicity levels. ,− Endocrine-disruptive properties are among the most extensively studied adverse impacts regarding the toxicity of chemicals used in HF activities, contaminated water associated with HF, and field-collected FPW samples from the U.S. and Canada . On the basis of a quantitative overview relying on voluntary disclosures to FracFocus, more than 1,000 chemicals used throughout the HF process are of concern, including many known or suspected endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). , The current evidence from the study of HF chemical additives, contaminated water associated with HF activities, and FPW samples suggests that accidental spills and/or inappropriate disposal of FPW may cause significant endocrine-mediated health impacts on animals (see the Supporting Information for a detailed discussion of findings regarding EDCs). , …”

Section: Environmental Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Hydraulic Fracturing Water Cycle in China and North America: A Critical Review

Zhong

Zolfaghari

Hou

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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There is considerable debate about the sustainability of the hydraulic fracturing (HF) water cycle in North America. Recently, this debate has expanded to China, where HF activities continue to grow. Here, we provide a critical review of the HF water cycle in China, including water withdrawal practices and flowback and produced water (FPW) management and their environmental impacts, with a comprehensive comparison to the U.S. and Canada (North America). Water stress in arid regions, as well as water management challenges, FPW contamination of aquatic and soil systems, and induced seismicity are all impacts of the HF water cycle in China, the U.S., and Canada. In light of experience gained in North America, standardized practices for analyzing and reporting FPW chemistry and microbiology in China are needed to inform its efficient and safe treatment, discharge and reuse, and identification of potential contaminants. Additionally, conducting ecotoxicological studies is an essential next step to fully reveal the impacts of accidental FPW releases into aquatic and soil ecosystems in China. From a policy perspective, the development of China's unconventional resources lags behind North America's in terms of overall regulation, especially with regard to water withdrawal, FPW management, and routine monitoring. Our study suggests that common environmental risks exist within the world's two largest HF regions, and practices used in North America may help prevent or mitigate adverse effects in China.

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Section: Environmental Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Hydraulic Fracturing Water Cycle in China and North America: A Critical Review

Zhong

Zolfaghari

Hou

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Similarly, salinity rather than organics in produced water controlled the mortality (and immobility) of the crustacean, Daphnia , introduced to freshwaters mixed with small percentages of raw and synthetic produced waters. Evaluations of zebra fish 12 , 24 , 30 , 31 and rainbow trout 26 , 32 also confirm toxicity and mortality with exposure to low concentrations of produced water. While many of these organisms listed above demonstrate acute and chronic toxicity after exposure to produced waters, the organisms’ mobility in aquatic ecosystems limits their ability to track pollution events or to be indicators of local changes in water quality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Forensic tracers of exposure to produced water in freshwater mussels: a preliminary assessment of Ba, Sr, and cyclic hydrocarbons

Piotrowski

Tasker

Geeza

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Hydraulic fracturing is often criticized due in part to the potential degradation of ground and surface water quality by high-salinity produced water generated during well stimulation and production. This preliminary study evaluated the response of the freshwater mussel, Elliptio complanata, after exposure to produced water. A limited number of adult mussels were grown over an 8-week period in tanks dosed with produced water collected from a hydraulically fractured well. The fatty tissue and carbonate shells were assessed for accumulation of both inorganic and organic pollutants. Ba, Sr, and cyclic hydrocarbons indicated the potential to accumulate in the soft tissue of freshwater mussels following exposure to diluted oil and gas produced water. Exposed mussels showed accumulation of Ba in the soft tissue several hundred times above background water concentrations and increased concentrations of Sr. Cyclic hydrocarbons were detected in dosed mussels and principle component analysis of gas chromatograph time-of-flight mass spectrometer results could be a novel tool to help identify areas where aquatic organisms are impacted by oil and gas produced water, but larger studies with greater replication are necessary to confirm these results.

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“…If this mesocosm study involved pulse(s) of raw/untreated produced water, it would better simulate the environmentally realistic release of a discharge, spill, or leak of these waters and how they might impact a complex freshwater surface water ecosystem. Compared with testing produced waters with a single species at a time in a laboratory (Blewett, Delompré, et al, 2017 ; Blewett, Weinrauch, et al, 2017 ; Delompré et al, 2019 ; Folkerts et al, 2017a , 2017b , 2019 ; Golding et al, 2022 ; He et al, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There has been a recent increase in literature that has assessed the toxicity of raw or untreated samples of whole‐effluent water samples of flowback water or produced waters from unconventional gas (Blewett, Delompré, et al, 2017 ; Blewett, Weinrauch, et al, 2017 ; Delompré et al, 2019 ; Folkerts et al, 2017a , 2017b , 2019 ; Golding et al, 2022 ; He et al, 2017). Folkerts et al ( 2019 ) investigated the acute toxicity of flowback produced water collected at three different time points (1.33, 72, and 228 h) from the same well and a salinity control in the organisms D. magna , Lumbriculus variegatus , Danio rerio embryos, and Oncorhynchus mykiss (embryos and juveniles).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Acute Toxicity of Salinity in Onshore Unconventional Gas Waters to Freshwater Invertebrates in Receiving Environments: A Systematic Review

Willems

Kumar

Nugegoda

2022

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Industries such as unconventional natural gas have seen increased global expansion to meet the increasing energy needs of our increasing global population. Unconventional gas uses hydraulic fracturing that produces significant volumes of produced waters, which can be highly saline and pose a toxic threat to freshwater invertebrates if exposure via discharges, spills, leaks, or runoff were to occur. The primary aim of the present review was to determine the sodium (Na + ) and chloride (Cl − ) content of these waters as an approximate measure of salinity and how these values compare to the NaCl or synthetic marine salt acute toxicity values of freshwater invertebrate taxa. Shale gas produced waters are much more saline with 78 900 ± 10 200 NaCl mg/L and total dissolved solids (TDS) of 83 200 ± 12 200 mg/L compared to coal bed methane (CBM) produced waters with 4300 ± 1100 NaCl mg/L and TDS of 5900 ± 1300 mg/L and pose a far greater toxicity risk from NaCl to freshwater invertebrates. In addition, the toxicity of other major ions (Ca 2+ , K + , Mg 2+ , CO 3 2− , HCO 3 − , and SO 4 2−) and their influence on the toxicity of Na + and Cl − were evaluated. Exposure of untreated and undiluted shale gas produced waters to freshwater invertebrates is likely to result in significant or complete mortality. Shale gas produced waters have higher concentrations of various metals compared with CBM produced waters and are more acidic. We recommend future research to increase the reporting and consistency of water quality parameters, metals, and particularly organics of produced waters to provide a better baseline and help in further investigations.

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The osmotic effect of hyper-saline hydraulic fracturing fluid on rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cited by 22 publications

References 42 publications

Comparison of the Hydraulic Fracturing Water Cycle in China and North America: A Critical Review

Comparison of the Hydraulic Fracturing Water Cycle in China and North America: A Critical Review

Forensic tracers of exposure to produced water in freshwater mussels: a preliminary assessment of Ba, Sr, and cyclic hydrocarbons

The Acute Toxicity of Salinity in Onshore Unconventional Gas Waters to Freshwater Invertebrates in Receiving Environments: A Systematic Review

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