The ‘Other’ as the Vulnerable Voter: A Study of the Third-Person Effect in the 1988 U.S. Presidential Campaign

Rucinski, Dianne; Salmon, Charles T.

doi:10.1093/ijpor/2.4.345

Cited by 142 publications

(110 citation statements)

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“…Since its initial proposal, the theory has been widely accepted in communication science, attracting significant attention in academia. Specifically, scholars have studied and repeatedly confirmed this phenomenon in many areas, such as advertising, news or political communication and online marketing (Hoffner et al, 1999;Rucinski & Salmon, 1990;Zhang & Daugherty, 2009). It should be noted that TPE appears on all typical media regardless the method employed, the observed content, the medium under study, the flow of questions, and the phrasing or the quality of the message (Perloff, 1999).…”

Section: Third-person Effect and The Webmentioning

confidence: 96%

Web Third-Person Effect Hypothesis: Do likes and Shares Affect Users’ Perceptions?

Antonopoulos¹,

Giomelakis²,

Veglis³

et al. 2016

JMC

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This paper studies the web third-person effect (WTPE) hypothesis in the context of news websites and social media.Specifically, the study examines the role of social media metrics (i.e., shares and likes of news articles) in shaping users' opinion about the websites. Users' news sharing intention in social media is also investigated. Based on a structured online questionnaire (N = 7,404), the results confirm that WTPE can be found in social media metrics without the presence of specific message content. It should be noted that the effect was found at three perceptual levels, self, friends, and other users. Regarding intention for news sharing, text was indicated as the most important reason among Internet users. Finally, the work demonstrates significant correlations between WTPE and article characteristics that influence people's attitudes to share news online.

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Section: Third-person Effect and The Webmentioning

confidence: 96%

Web Third-Person Effect Hypothesis: Do likes and Shares Affect Users’ Perceptions?

Antonopoulos¹,

Giomelakis²,

Veglis³

et al. 2016

JMC

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show abstract

“…To be more specific, Rucinski and Salmon (1990), for example, conducted a study on how political content in newspapers and television created a perception of effects among policymakers up to a point where they started to contemplate media censorship. This selfother discrepancy, according to Jensen and Hurley (2002), is now referred to as the perceptual hypothesis within the third-person effect research.…”

Section: Third-person Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Davison (1996) cites examples of behavioral effects when explaining how advertising and public relations materials have perceived media effects on others. In addition, numerous scholars have cited media control and censorship as a visible example of a third-person effect (Lee & Tamborini, 2005;Brosius & Engel, 1996;Rucinski & Salmon, 1990).…”

Section: Third-person Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Political Campaign Materials on Party and Non-Party Voting Supporters

Idid¹,

Souket²

2014

Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research

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Political parties would normally claim that their campaign and communication materials have effects on voters, be it on their supporters or their opponents during election campaigns. However, such effects are assumed effects by the parties unless voters are themselves assessed about the effects of such materials on themselves. The supporters of the parties are likely to regard such campaign materials as congenial to them but this may not be so with the opposition supporters who would regard such materials as negative.Taking the third-person effect to analyze effects on the audience as the theoretical framework, this study posited that opposition members would regard the materials as negative and thus would claim that they would not have any effect on them but they would likely say that such campaign materials would have effects on own party supporters. Davison (1983) posited that individuals will perceive that negative mediated messages would have their greatest impact not "on me" or "you" but on "them,"-the third person.Research suggests that people judge others to be more influenced than they are by media, advertising, libelous messages, media violence, pornography, and television drama. The theory referred to as the Third-person effect developed on the postulation that audience members would not admit that media had any direct effect on them, but would instead believe that the media influenced others, the third person (Tewksbury, Moy, & Weis, 2004; Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research -ISSN 2288-6168 (Online) Vol. 1 No. 4 August 2014 308 http://dx.doi.org/10.15206/ajpor.2014 Price, Tewksbury, & Huang, 1998). On the other hand, while people would discount the effects of negative or biased messages on themselves, they would, under the notion of the First Person Effect, readily admit to being influenced by such messages.This study was based on studying the effects of political literature on party and opposition party supporters taking the messages to be positive to one group and biased and partisan to another group. The study focuses on the assumed effects of political literature on own party and opposition party supporters. It traces the degree of influence of Malaysia's largest political party, Barisan Nasional (BN) political communication literature on its own supporters and on non-BN party supporters. While the third-person effect assumes a null or minimal effect on one's self and some or strong effect on others, the question that arises are on welcoming favorable media effects on oneself and assuming unfavorable effects on others.

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“…With the support of Rucinski and Salmon (1990) and Gunther (1995), Xu and Gonzenbach (2008, p. 367) argued that the most commonly researched TPE behavioral aspects are consequences in the form of support for censorship. In resemblance with what has been showed in this review, the most prominent body of research on consequences has also been within questions of support for censorship.…”

Section: There Is a Tendency To Follow The Development In The Field Omentioning

confidence: 99%

Henriksen and Flora (1999) Revisited—A Literature Review on Third-Person Effects and Children/Adolescents

Sandstig¹

2013

JLAS

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In this literature review on TPE (third-person effects) and the behavioral consequences on children, the research questions posed are how the body of knowledge has evolved since the first empirical evidence of TPE among children and what knowledge gaps that remain. The traceable developments are two: (1) Compared to the vast amount of articles on TPE in general, the 59 identified on the topic of children are few and two thirds actually focus on adolescents/young adults rather than children. The reason put forward for studying younger children is the urge to prevent risky behavior through media literacy programs or pro-social advertisements; and (2) The studies have not primarily addressed results to support occurrence of TPE among children. Rather they support parental TPE or among the adolescents that TPE and reverse TPE occur due to certain kind of media content. The discussion on knowledge gaps that remain follow three themes: (1) Differentiations between self and others are in psychological studies implied to occur among children between the ages of 3-4 years old, yet no study address how children develop TPE; (2) There is a tendency to follow the more general development within TPE research with the renewed interest in behavioral consequences. But the primary behavioral consequence studied in TPE in general and within studies of TPE and children is support for censorship. Few studies address "real" behavioral consequences like parental mediation; and (3) There is also a need for more theoretically coherent research on the importance of social distance.

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The ‘Other’ as the Vulnerable Voter: A Study of the Third-Person Effect in the 1988 U.S. Presidential Campaign

Cited by 142 publications

References 0 publications

Web Third-Person Effect Hypothesis: Do likes and Shares Affect Users’ Perceptions?

Web Third-Person Effect Hypothesis: Do likes and Shares Affect Users’ Perceptions?

Effects of Political Campaign Materials on Party and Non-Party Voting Supporters

Henriksen and Flora (1999) Revisited—A Literature Review on Third-Person Effects and Children/Adolescents

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