The Out of East Asia model versus the African Eve model of modern human origins in light of ancient mtDNA findings

Zhang, Y; Huang, Shi

doi:10.1101/546234

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Ancient human DNA should be very informative in falsifying the incorrect models. Our analysis of ancient DNA samples have confirmed the out of East Asia model and invalidated the out of Africa model [105,110]. In contrast, researchers who believe in the out of Africa model have yet to report any ancient DNA evidence for their model but have instead found support for the out of East Asia model, i.e., ancient DNA samples of 40000-45000 year old found in Europe and East Asia are East Asian like rather than African like [111,112].…”

Section: Is the Maximum Genetic Diversity Theory Useful?supporting

confidence: 52%

The maximum genetic diversity theory of molecular evolution

Huang

2023

Communications in Information and Systems

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The study of evolution has a long history and early theories of evolution included one by Lamarck and the other by Darwin. Advances in Mendelian genetics resulted in the modern synthesis in the 1930s merging Darwin's theory with genetics. However, the reality of genetic diversity remains poorly understood. The unlocking of protein sequences in the early 1960s revealed a shocking phenomenon, genetic equidistance, which then led to an ad hoc hypothesis known as the molecular clock. This in turn inspired the neutral theory by Kimura, which negates the role of natural selection in molecular evolution. The neutral theory has served as a useful null model but remains an unsatisfactory account for genetic diversity. In the first decade of the 21st century, we fortuitously rediscovered the long-overlooked genetic equidistance phenomenon, which inspired us to propose the maximum genetic diversity hypothesis as a comprehensive evolutionary theory. Analytical tests have shown that genetic distances observed today are mostly at maximum saturation rather than still increasing with time as misread by the molecular clock and the neutral theory. The maximum genetic diversity theory posits that macroevolution from simple to complex taxa involves a punctuational increase in epigenetic complexity and a corresponding loss in the maximum genetic diversity that a taxon can tolerate. It rekindles some of Lamarck's ideas and fully grants the proven virtues of Darwin's and Kimura's theories. The theory will rewrite molecular phylogeny and help solve difficult biomedical problems including the mystery of the purpose of sexual reproduction.

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Section: Is the Maximum Genetic Diversity Theory Useful?supporting

confidence: 52%

The maximum genetic diversity theory of molecular evolution

Huang

2023

Communications in Information and Systems

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“…The OOA model gained prominence in the 1980s, primarily based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) studies (1, 2). On the other hand, the OOEA model, also initially suggested by mtDNA studies in the 1980s (1), had been relatively overlooked until its recent independent rediscovery (3-5). Moreover, it has been revealed that all non-African Y chromosome haplotypes can be traced back to their origin in southern East Asia (6).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Secondly, the rooting in the OOEA model is grounded in a straightforward premise: the original haplotype should be the one most commonly shared among individuals, as mutations leading to alternative haplotypes should be relatively rare occurrences (1). Finally, the haplotype representing the ancestral lineage is expected to exhibit a closer genetic relationship to ancient DNA samples from the time when modern humans initially appeared, in contrast to other contemporary haplotypes (3)(4)(5). Both models, OOA and OOEA, rely on assumptions that carry inherent uncertainties, necessitating independent testing to establish their validity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining models of modern human origins through the analysis of 43 fully sequenced human Y chromosomes

Huang

2023

Preprint

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Over the past four decades, molecular studies have yielded two primary models for understanding the uniparental DNA phylogenetic trees of modern humans: the Out of Africa (OOA) and the Out of East Asia (OOEA) models. These models differ in their underlying assumptions, particularly in relation to early stem haplotypes, even though they share many haplotype relationships. Leveraging the wealth of new genetic variants unveiled through the comprehensive sequencing of 43 diverse human Y chromosomes, we here investigated the presence of shared variants among different haplotypes to determine which model better aligns with the genetic data. We validated our approach by confirming numerous well-established haplotype relationships that are consistent with both the OOA and OOEA models. Remarkably, our analysis revealed a compelling pattern: we were able to corroborate the existence of stem haplotypes specific to the OOEA model, but not those exclusive to the OOA model. For instance, we found that A0b and A1a shared the most variants with each other, aligning with the notion that both fall under the A00A1a stem haplotype of the OOEA model. So, it becomes evident that the genetic data obtained from the complete sequencing of the 43 newly analyzed human Y chromosomes lends robust support to the OOEA model as the more accurate representation of modern human origins.

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Modern human origins: multiregional evolution of autosomes and East Asia origin of Y and mtDNA

Yuan

Lei

Gui

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Recent studies have established that genetic diversities are mostly maintained by selection, therefore rendering the present molecular model of human origins untenable. Using improved methods and public data, we have revisited human evolution and derived an age of 1.91-1.96 million years for the first split in modern human autosomes. We found evidence of modern Y and mtDNA originating in East Asia and dispersing via hybridization with archaic humans. Analyses of autosomes, Y and mtDNA all suggest that Denisovan like humans were archaic Africans with Eurasian admixtures and ancestors of South Asia Negritos and Aboriginal Australians. Verifying our model, we found more ancestry of Southern Chinese from Hunan in Africans relative to other East Asian groups examined. These results suggest multiregional evolution of autosomes and East Asia origin of Y and mtDNA, thereby leading to a coherent account of modern human origins.

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The Out of East Asia model versus the African Eve model of modern human origins in light of ancient mtDNA findings

Abstract: Keywords: mtDNA, ancient DNAs, Out of East Asia model, African Eve model, Out of 1 1 Africa model, MGD theory, neutral theory, molecular clock 1 2 1 3

Cited by 3 publications

References 56 publications

The maximum genetic diversity theory of molecular evolution

The maximum genetic diversity theory of molecular evolution

Examining models of modern human origins through the analysis of 43 fully sequenced human Y chromosomes

Modern human origins: multiregional evolution of autosomes and East Asia origin of Y and mtDNA

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