The outbreak of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Iraq - Challenges and way forward

Jafar, Uzair; Usman, Muhammad; Ehsan, Muhammad; Naveed, Aiman; Ayyan, Muhammad; Cheema, Huzaifa Ahmad

doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104382

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…H. impeltatum, H. schulzei, H. onatoli, H. dromedarii, H. rufipes, H. truncatum, H. turanicum, Rhipiciephalus sanguineus, R. turanicus, and Ixodes ricinus, but H. marginatum is considered the most potent vector and reservoir host for CCHF at the same time because Hyalomma species of Ixodid tick have the ability to survive two years or more without host and blood. 4,[17][18][19] CCHF most frequently affects butchers, slaughterhouse employees, and farm workers during biting by infective contact with the blood and tissues of infected livestock. 20 Humans are the only species known to get disease as a result of CCHFV infection, making them dead-end hosts.…”

Section: Viral Hemorrhagic Fevermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The potential link between the COVID-19 pandemic and the outbreak of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in Iraq is a topic that demands careful consideration and investigation. 4 As of the last update in January 2022, while there wasn't definitive evidence establishing COVID-19 as the primary driver of the CCHF outbreak in Iraq, the indirect influences and potential correlations were subjects of interest for researchers and public health experts. 5…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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relation between the Pandemic COVID-19 and the outbreak of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Iraq, 2023

Ismael,

Mustafa,

Abdullah

2024

J. Contemp. Med. Sci.

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Objective: This review examines the link between the COVID-19 pandemic and the outbreak of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) in Iraq. Methods: We reviewed literature and data to explore potential associations between the two diseases. Results: No direct causative link between COVID-19 and increased CCHF cases in Iraq was found. However, changes in healthcare,agriculture, and human-animal interactions during the pandemic may have indirectly affected CCHF transmission. Conclusion: This review highlights the need for further research to confirm any connections between the COVID-19 pandemic and CCHFoutbreaks in Iraq. Understanding these links is crucial for effective public health responses to emerging infectious diseases.

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Section: Viral Hemorrhagic Fevermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

relation between the Pandemic COVID-19 and the outbreak of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Iraq, 2023

Ismael,

Mustafa,

Abdullah

2024

J. Contemp. Med. Sci.

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“…Three fatal cases were reported in 2018, while 33 cases were reported in 2021, with 13 fatal cases ( 82 ). The World Health Organization (WHO) reported 1085 suspected cases of CCHF in 2022, and laboratory confirmation revealed 287 positive cases, with 83 deaths being of suspected CCHF patients and 52 patients confirmed patients of CCHF (18.1% case fatality rate) ( 83 ).…”

Section: Pattern Of Distribution In Asian and Middle Eastern Countriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution pattern of Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Asia and the Middle East

Aslam

Abbas

Alsayeqh

2023

Front. Public Health

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Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is one of the most important vector-borne diseases of zoonotic potential that can be acquired following the bite of the Hyalomma species of ticks. It is a highly prevalent disease in Asia and the Middle East. The risk factors of this disease are contact with infected tissue, blood, patient, or livestock in the acute viremic phase, infected tick bites, or the manual removal of ticks. The disease is clinically described as progressive hemorrhages, fever, and pain in musculature. Biochemical tests reveal elevated levels of creatinine phosphokinase, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase. Clotting time is prolonged in pro-thrombin tests, and pathogenesis is mostly related to the disruption of the epithelium during viral replication and indirectly by secreting cytotoxic molecules. These molecules cause endothelial activation and result in the loss of function. Supportive therapy is given through blood or plasma infusions to treat or manage the patients. According to the most advanced studies, CCHF can be treated by Ribavirin, which is an antiviral drug that shows excellent results in preventing the disease. Health-care staff are more prone to infection. The hemorrhagic phase represents a high risk for accidental exposures. This literature review presents a comprehensive overview of the viral epidemiology, zoonotic perspectives, and significant risk factors of CCHF in various Middle East and Asian countries. Furthermore, the pathophysiology and preventive strategies of CCHF have also been discussed as well as legislation and policies regarding public outreach programs, research, and development aimed at infection prevention and control that are required at a global level.

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“…Most small outbreaks were limited to the same province [15] . CCHFV infections have recently increased from 33 cases in 2021 to a 6-fold increase in the first half of 2022 [16 , 17] , underscoring the urgent need for actions to control the disease. This study aims to highlight the increased occurrence, fatality rates, and probable reasons with careful follow-up on the current genotype circulating in Iraq.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alarming update on incidence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Iraq in 2023

Atwan,

Alhilfi,

Mousa

et al. 2024

IJID Regions

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The outbreak of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Iraq - Challenges and way forward

Cited by 10 publications

References 4 publications

relation between the Pandemic COVID-19 and the outbreak of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Iraq, 2023

relation between the Pandemic COVID-19 and the outbreak of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Iraq, 2023

Distribution pattern of Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Asia and the Middle East

Alarming update on incidence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Iraq in 2023

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