The overview and perspectives of biosensors and Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A systematic review

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) is referred to as a "consumption" or phthisis, which has been a fatal human disease for thousands of years. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) might have been responsible for the death of more humans than any other bacterial pathogens. Therefore, the rapid diagnosis of this bacterial infection plays a pivotal role in the timely and appropriate treatment of the patients, as well as the prevention of disease spread. More than 98% of TB cases are reported in developing countries, and due to the lack of well-equipped and specialized diagnostic laboratories, development of effective diagnostic methods based on biosensors is essential for this bacterium. In this review, original articles published in English were retrieved from multiple databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Cochrane Library during January 2010-October 2019. In addition, the reference lists of the articles were also searched. Among 109 electronically searched citations, 42 articles met the inclusion criteria. The highest potential and wide usage of biosensors for the diagnosis of M. tb and its drug resistance belonged to DNA electrochemical biosensors (isoniazid and rifampin strains). Use of biosensors is expanding for the detection of resistant strains of anti-TB antibiotics with high sensitivity and accuracy, while the speed of these sensory methods is considered essential as well. Furthermore, the lowest limit of detection (0.9 fg/ml) from an electrochemical DNA biosensor was based on graphene-modified iron-oxide chitosan hybrid deposited on fluorine tin oxide for the MPT64 antigen target. According to the results, the most common methods used for M. tb detection include acid-fast staining, cultivation, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Although molecular techniques (e.g., PCR and real-time PCR) are rapid and sensitive, they require sophisticated laboratory and apparatuses, as well as skilled personnel and expertise in the commentary of the results. Biosensors are fast, valid, and cost-efficient diagnostic method, and the improvement of their quality is of paramount importance in resource-constrained settings.

Simple and low‐cost antibiotic susceptibility testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis using screen‐printed electrodes

“…The lowest LOD reported from an electrochemical DNA biosensor was based on graphene-modified iron-oxide chitosan with 0.9 fg/mL. 68 Moreover, Pourmir et al reported an LOD value for TB 10 4 CFU/mL, 44 whereas the designed sensor in our study obtained 10 3.82 CFU/mL, which is considered a good value.…”

Advances in Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring Using Sensors and Biosensors: A Review

“…FC is an optical technique used for cell counting and the detection of biomarkers One of the leading causes contributing to the global increase in AMR is the empirical use of broad-spectrum AMs in clinical and veterinary practices [18]. For the early detection of microorganisms, for the prevention of diseases and spread of AMR, it is essential to have well-equipped laboratories specialized in the diagnosis of infections [19]. It is difficult to meet this requirement in developing countries because of the lack of funds, shortage of trained personnel, and lack of the required infrastructures.…”

“…The use of chemosensor and biosensor technology is an alternative approach which possesses technical simplicity, low cost, short analysis time, easy operation, and hold exceptional promise for providing critical information for real-time data collection and simultaneous measurements of multiple analytes (multiplexing) within a single device. In general terms, chemosensors are devices that measure the signal produced by a chemical reaction whereas biosensors can be defined as "compact analytical devices incorporating a biological or biologically derived sensing element either integrated within or intimately associated with a physicochemical transducer" [18,19,[51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58].…”

“…Optical (bio)sensors include a wide variety of transducing methods such as fluorescence, chemi-and bioluminescence, colorimetry, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), evanescent optical-planar waveguide, reflectometric interference spectroscopy, etc., [19,116,117].…”

“…Colorimetric sensors offer a number of advantages including: simple procedure, low cost, and the possibility of observing color changes with the naked eye or with simple instrumentation in the case of quantitative analysis [70,118]. The use of chemical species that changes color with respect to bacterial growth, such as Resazurin [19,119], or the use of enzymes, such as Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP), that modifies substrates according to the number of microbial cells, can help to measure susceptibility in real-time [70].…”