The oxidation of the hypophosphite ion by water, catalysed by metal–phosphorus and metal–boron alloys

Holbrook, K. A.; Twist, P. J.

doi:10.1039/dt9720001865

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The overall reaction for the oxidation of hypophosphite ion is If deuterium oxide is used instead of water, the hydrogens in eqs 1-4 are all or partially replaced with deuterium. The evolution gas is a mixture of H 2 , HD, and D 2 (Holbrook and Twist, 1972). The oxidation of hypophosphite ion by deuterium oxide is H 2 , HD, and D 2 are generated from reactions of two atomic hydrogens, one atomic hydrogen and one atomic deuterium, and two atomic deuteriums, respectively.…”

Section: Theoretical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Oxidation of hypophosphite ion catalyzed by metals has been studied widely (Sutyagina et al, 1963a,b;Holbrook and Twist, 1972;Marshall, 1983;Jusys et al, 1991a) because of its importance on the electroless deposition of metals (Jusys et al, 1991b). In spite of a metallic catalyst (Marshall, 1983), hypophosphite ion is also electrochemically oxidized by anodes (Trasatti and Alberti, 1966;Hickling and Johnson, 1967;Burke and Lee, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In spite of a metallic catalyst (Marshall, 1983), hypophosphite ion is also electrochemically oxidized by anodes (Trasatti and Alberti, 1966;Hickling and Johnson, 1967;Burke and Lee, 1992). Several reaction mechanisms, with an an emphasis on electrochemistry, have been reported (Lukes, 1964;Holbrook and Twist, 1972;Marshall, 1983;Jusys et al, 1991a,b). Heterogeneous hydrogenations of unsaturated hydrocarbons catalyzed by electroless nickel were studied by Chou (1993, 1994) and Ko et al (1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Effects of Magnetic Field on Nickel-Catalyzed Oxidation of Hypophosphite Ion by Water/Deuterium Oxide

Lee

Chou

1996

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The effect of a magnetic field on the oxidation of hypophosphite ion catalyzed by electrolessly deposited nickel in aqueous deuterium oxide solution was studied. The steady rate of gas evolution was affected by both the magnetic field and the concentration of deuterium oxide. Such an effect was due to the magnetic spin rephasing of a radical pair of atomic hydrogen and atomic deuterium. The ratio of fractions of active sites occupied by atomic hydrogen and deuterium increased with magnetic flux density, but decreased with the mole percentage of deuterium oxide. The results indicated that the recombination rate of the radical pair of atomic hydrogen and atomic deuterium was affected by the magnetic field. A reaction mechanism of the oxidation of hypophosphite ion based on adsorption was proposed, and a steady rate equation was obtained experimentally. Based on the results of the steady rate, an empirical rate equation was obtained for the magnetic flux density B in the range 0.15−0.30 T, r s = 6.20(0.965 × exp(5.62B)[H2O]/[D2O])/(1 + 0.965 exp(5.62B)[H2O]/[D2O]) + (2.92 exp(1.46B))/(1 + 0.965 × exp(5.62B)[H2O]/[D2O]).

show abstract

Section: Theoretical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Effects of Magnetic Field on Nickel-Catalyzed Oxidation of Hypophosphite Ion by Water/Deuterium Oxide

Lee

Chou

1996

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The H 2 PO 2 – anion functions as the reducing agent responsible for P incorporation into plated metals. The half reaction describing P deposition is normalH 2 PO 2 − + 2 normalH + + normale − → normalP 0 postfixfalse↓ infix+ 2 normalH 2 normalO Although significant research has been done to ascertain the P deposition mechanism, differing mechanisms are consistent with experimental rates laws obtained for EL NiP deposition. − Therefore, in the interests of brevity and clarity, we present only the description offered by Yin et al , as a representative example for acidic EL NiP baths, where P codeposition is favored . Similar mechanisms have been proposed in alkaline solution, based on results from kinetics studies , and a β-Ni(OH) ads oxide adsorbate layer on the Ni surface as a catalyst for HPO 2 – adsorbate oxidation. , …”

Section: Elementsmentioning

confidence: 73%

Electroless Metallization of the Elements: Survey and Progress

Turró

Dressick

2022

ACS Appl. Electron. Mater.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The electroless plating of metals and their alloys, oxides, and chalcogenides represents a critically important technology for the automotive, aerospace, machine tools, and, especially, the electronics industries. Since the initial efforts involving the plating of industrially important metals, such as Ni, Co, Cu, Ag, and Au, in the mid-20th century, the process has evolved to encompass a growing number of elements. At the same time, this expansion in the palette of accessible metals has enabled progress in these industries and evoked new nonconventional applications. In this review, we collect and survey available electroless processes in aqueous and organic solvent systems for each element organized according to position in the Periodic Table as a resource for the reader. Examples illustrating progress in the field are presented and are described in sufficient detail to be useful and understandable for both the expert and nonexpert. Given the historical importance of electronics as a driver for development of electroless processes, examples are electronics-related where possible. However, we strive to also include examples of applications in nontraditional fields to provide the reader with a sense of generality available for electroless methods. The review closes with an outlook for the field and a challenge to scientists and engineers to adapt electroless processes for new applications to continue the growth of the field.

show abstract

“…24 Kinetic investigations, aided by electrochemical and spectroscopic probes, have provided much insights into the electrocatalytic behavior of the oxidation and reduction reactions in operation during electroless Ni-P deposition. [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] However, an important side reaction during electroless Ni-P deposition, i.e., the formation and evolution of hydrogen gas, has received limited attention. As is evident in the discussion that follows, hydrogen evolution during electroless Ni-P deposition has important consequences, such as: (i) excessive consumption of hypophosphite reductant, leading to process instability and the need for frequent electrolyte replenishment; and (ii) depending on the hydrodynamic conditions, the hydrogen evolved may locally block sites on the substrate leading to non-uniform 'patchy' electroless deposition.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the Kinetics and Mass Transport Aspects of Hydrogen Evolution during Electroless Deposition of Nickel–Phosphorus

Liu

Richtering

Akolkar

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Electroless deposition of nickel-phosphorus (Ni-P) alloy, facilitated by the use of sodium hypophosphite as reducing agent, is important to many industrial applications. During electroless Ni-P deposition, hydrogen gas evolves as a by-product. In this paper, we first analyze the source of hydrogen evolution. Specifically, we demonstrate that hydrogen gas evolves primarily due to chemical hydroxylation of hypophosphite anions catalyzed by the Ni surface and not due to electrochemical water splitting. Then, using careful volumetric measurements of the rate of hydrogen evolution on a rotating disc electrode, the effects of pH, hypophosphite concentration and hydrodynamics on the hypophosphite hydroxylation reaction are investigated. A mathematical rate expression is formulated, which incorporates the relevant kinetic and mass transport parameters affecting the hypophosphite hydroxylation reaction. Comparison of the model with experimental hydrogen evolution rate measurements allows precise determination of the rate constant and reaction orders. The approach presented herein has broad applicability to the study of gas evolution kinetics in chemical systems where access to the reaction rate is not available through amperommetry.

show abstract

The oxidation of the hypophosphite ion by water, catalysed by metal–phosphorus and metal–boron alloys

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of Magnetic Field on Nickel-Catalyzed Oxidation of Hypophosphite Ion by Water/Deuterium Oxide

Effects of Magnetic Field on Nickel-Catalyzed Oxidation of Hypophosphite Ion by Water/Deuterium Oxide

Electroless Metallization of the Elements: Survey and Progress

Investigation of the Kinetics and Mass Transport Aspects of Hydrogen Evolution during Electroless Deposition of Nickel–Phosphorus

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About