The Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation of Immature Cells of the Nervous System Exerts Distinct Effects on Mitochondria, Mitophagy, and Autophagy, Depending on the Cells’ Differentiation Stage

Abstract

Perinatal brain damage, one of the most common causes of lifelong impairment, is predominantly caused by a lack of oxygen and glucose during early development. These conditions, in turn, affect cells of the nervous tissue through various stages of their maturation. To quantify the influence of these factors on cell differentiation and mitochondrial parameters, we exposed neural cell precursors to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) during three stages of their differentiation: day 1, day 7, and day 14 (D1, D7, and D14, respectively). The obtained results show that OGD slows down cellular differentiation and causes cell death. Regardless of the level of cell maturity, the overall area of the mitochondria, their length, and the branching of their filaments decreased uniformly when exposed to OGD-related stress. Moreover, the cells in all stages of differentiation exhibited an increase in ROS production, hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, and autophagy. Interestingly, day 7 was the only stage in which a significant increase in mitochondrial fission, along with measurable instances of mitophagy, were detected. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that, apart from common reactions to a sudden lack of oxygen and glucose, cells in specific stages of neural differentiation can also exhibit increased preferences for mitochondrial fission and mitophagy. Such findings could play a role in guiding the future development of novel therapeutic approaches targeting perinatal brain damage during specific stages of nervous system development.

Effect of Fetal Bovine Serum or Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor on Cell Survival and the Proliferation of Neural Stem Cells: The Influence of Homocysteine Treatment

“…Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is commonly used in cell biology research because it contains a variety of growth factors, hormones, vitamins, amino acids, fatty acids, and a number of unspecified growth factors necessary for cell survival and proliferation [ 23 ]. Our own group sometimes uses FBS when longer survival of cells is needed [ 24 ]. On the other hand, it is known that FBS and other animal sera exhibit large batch-to-batch variability, which can have an impact on cellular proliferation, differentiation, and function.…”