The P,V,T,x properties of binary aqueous chloride solutions up to T=573K and 100MPa

Mao, Shide; Duan, Zhenhao

doi:10.1016/j.jct.2008.03.005

Cited by 79 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 128 publications

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“…For Th lower than 250 °C, the internet soft (http://www.geochem-model.org/models/h2o_cacl2/index.htm, details in Mao and Duan, 2008) was used with the same procedure as that for NaCl, except for one aspect: the isochore extrapolated to convert (Tn, ρ BULK ) into pressure coordinates was a mean isochore for each sample. For Th greater than 250 °C, the same procedure was used with the h2o_cacl2 application (based on the scientific frame exposed in Duan et al, 2006), which can be downloaded from the Geochimica website (supplementary data of Duan et al, 2006Duan et al, : doi:10.1016Duan et al, /j.gca.2006.…”

Section: Cacl 2 Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental superheating of water and aqueous solutions

Shmulovich

Mercury

Thiéry

et al. 2009

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

101

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The metastable superheated solutions are liquids in transitory thermodynamic equilibrium inside the stability domain of their vapor (whatever the temperature is). Some natural contexts should allow the superheating of natural aqueous solutions, like the soil capillarity (low T superheating), certain continental and submarine geysers (high T superheating), or even the water state in very arid environments like the Mars subsurface (low T) or the deep crustal rocks (high T). The present paper reports experimental measurements on the superheating range of aqueous solutions contained in quartz as fluid inclusions (Synthetic Fluid Inclusion Technique, SFIT) and brought to superheating state by isochoric cooling. About 40 samples were synthetized at 0.75 GPa and 530-700 °C with internally-heated autoclaves. Nine hundred and sixty-seven inclusions were studied by micro-thermometry, including measuring the temperatures of homogenization (Th: L + V → L) and vapor bubbles nucleation (Tn: L → L + V). The Th-Tn difference corresponds to the intensity of superheating that the trapped liquid can undergo and can be translated into liquid pressure (existing just before nucleation occurs at Tn) by an equation of state. Pure water (840-935 kg m −3 ), dilute NaOH solutions (0.1 and 0.5 mol kg −1 ), NaCl, CaCl 2 and CsCl solutions (1 and 5 mol kg −1 ) demonstrated a surprising ability to undergo tensile stress. The highest tension ever recorded to the best of our knowledge (−146 MPa, 100 °C) is attained in a 5 m CaCl 2 inclusion trapped in quartz matrix, while CsCl solutions qualitatively show still better superheating efficiency. These observations are discussed with regards to the quality of the inner surface of inclusion surfaces (high P-T synthesis conditions) and to the intrinsic cohesion of liquids (thermodynamic and kinetic spinodal). This study demonstrates that natural solutions can reach high levels of superheating, that are accompanied by strong changes of their physicochemical properties.

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Section: Cacl 2 Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental superheating of water and aqueous solutions

Shmulovich

Mercury

Thiéry

et al. 2009

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

101

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“…[1] <68.5 298-473 6.0 [2] 0.1-60 273-523 6.0 [5] 0.1-60 298-398 6.0 [4] 0.1-40 273-523 6.15 [9] 0.1-40 270-526 4.6 [7] 0. authoritative datasets, there is now a sufficient number of independent property values not only to test the goodness-of-fit of theoretical models but also to assess realistically the experimental uncertainty and thus to avoid more degrees of freedom than are warranted in the model-fitting process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Pitzer-based characterization of aqueous magnesium chloride, calcium chloride and potassium iodide solution densities to high temperature and pressure

Rowland

May

2013

Fluid Phase Equilibria

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Rowland, D. and May, P.M. (2013)AThis is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Abstract A comprehensive characterization of densities / apparent molar volumes for the aqueous solutions of magnesium chloride, calcium chloride and potassium iodide to high temperatures and pressures has been performed based on the Pitzer equations. The unusual availability of overlapping high quality independent sets of experimentally measured data for these systems allows the relevant thermodynamic quantities to be calculated with a high degree of confidence over wide ranges of conditions (< 8 mol/kg; 273-573 K; 0.1-100 MPa). A realistic assessment of experimental uncertainty indicates that an adequate description of volumetric behaviour is achieved by the standard Pitzer model without extensions. The experimental accuracy implied by differences between independent observers, however, is more than one order of magnitude worse than typically-claimed estimates of experimental precision.

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“…Many equations for the brine density can be found in the literature (e.g., Rogers and Pitzer 1982;Spivey et al 2004;Mao and Duan 2008) It was chosen to use the brine-density correlation of Spivey (2004) that gives the density of sodium chloride brines. This correlation is valid from 0 to 275° C, pressures from 0.1 to 200 MPa and Sodium Chloride content from 0 to 6 moles/kg H 2 O.…”

Section: Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Geothermal-Well-Doublet Placement

Smit¹,

Salimi

Wolf

2014

Proceedings

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The lifetime of geothermal projects mainly depends on the thermal breakthrough (thermal breakthrough occurs when a cold water front reaches the producer). Currently, geothermal-energy production is marginally economical because of its uncertainties and risks associated with the subsurface such as lifetime, flow rate, temperature. Lifetime of a geothermal reservoir plays the most important role in the use of geothermal energy because it mainly determines whether or not geothermal-energy production is economically viable.Through optimization of the well positions from one or more geothermal doublets in a homogeneous or heterogeneous reservoir, the profitability of the project, which is largely dependent on the time of compositional breakthrough, temperature breakthrough and the rate of temperature decline, can be improved. This thesis studies optimization of the well positions such that the Net Present Value (NPV) of a project is maximized in a 2D geothermal reservoir for the selected heterogeneity structure. For this purpose an automated, gradient-based optimization method is used. The approach is based on the concept to surround the wells, whose locations have to be optimized, by so-called pseudo-wells. The reservoir simulations are performed using the Finite Element Method in the program COMSOL Multiphysics 4.2a. The major features of the simulation results are discussed in detail.The compositional front moves faster than the thermal front (the ratio of these two is the thermal retardation factor). Breakthrough of water with altered composition will therefore occur at an early stage in the doublet lifetime. Reservoir heterogeneities influence the time at which thermal and compositional breakthrough occur and also determine the rate at which temperature and composition decline after breakthrough. The temperature and compositional decline curves after breakthrough are generally steeper in a homogeneous reservoir than in a heterogeneous reservoir. Therefore, the thermal breakthrough does not necessarily mean the end of the lifetime of a doublet. It is also shown that the effect of heterogeneities on the thermal retardation factor is small.Three successful optimization sequences in two different reservoirs are described in this thesis. It is shown that, from an economical standpoint, is makes little sense to assume a doublet lifetime of more than 30 years. Furthermore, the effectiveness at which a geothermal doublet is able to deplete a reservoir (recovery factor) and profitability of a geothermal doublet are closely interlinked. However, a higher recovery factor does not necessarily mean that the doublet is more profitable and vice versa. There exists an optimum well spacing for doublets positioned in homogeneous reservoirs, such that additional gain of later breakthrough (when placing the production well further away from the injector) is negated by the loss in pressure support of the injection well. This optimum well spacing is found to be an important factor, influencing the profitability in homogeneous...

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The P,V,T,x properties of binary aqueous chloride solutions up to T=573K and 100MPa

Cited by 79 publications

References 128 publications

Experimental superheating of water and aqueous solutions

Experimental superheating of water and aqueous solutions

A Pitzer-based characterization of aqueous magnesium chloride, calcium chloride and potassium iodide solution densities to high temperature and pressure

Optimization of Geothermal-Well-Doublet Placement

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