“…With land‐atmosphere interactions, under a relatively stable atmospheric boundary layer (e.g., atmospheric blocking) during a heatwave period, the increasing water vapor within the atmosphere may cause compound pluvial–hot extremes or may induce compound dry–hot extremes otherwise. Compound pluvial–hot events increase the likelihood of urban floods, landslides, mudslides, and crop failures (Gu et al., 2022; Liao et al., 2021; Nanditha et al., 2022), while compound dry–hot events aggravate the risk of tree mortality, public health burden, wildfire, air pollution, and agricultural losses (Deser et al., 2020; Gaupp et al., 2019; Raymond et al., 2020; Zscheischler et al., 2018). Thus, it is critical to identify hot spots of compound climate extremes in a changing climate for advancing climate change adaptation measures.…”