The paleomagnetism of the Speckled Sandstones of Early Permian Age from the Salt Range, Pakistan

Wensink, H.

doi:10.1016/0040-1951(75)90095-5

Cited by 18 publications

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“…The four Early Permian lithostratigraphic units of the Salt Range developed during four stages: the Asselian, Sakmarian, Artinskian and Kungurian (Pascoe 1959;Wensink 1975;Veevers and Tewari 1995). These units are now known to be each bounded by diachronous surfaces (Ghazi 2009), the nature of the diachronous relationships being demonstrable by the occurrence of distinctive biostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic characteristics (figure 4).…”

Section: Lithostratigraphic Analysis Of the Early Permian Succession mentioning

confidence: 99%

Stratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental framework of the Early Permian sequence in the Salt Range, Pakistan

et al. 2012

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The Early Permian Gondwana regime succession of the Nilawahan Group is exposed only in the Salt Range of Pakistan. After a prolonged episode of non-deposition that spanned much of the Palaeozoic, the 350 m thick predominantly clastic sequence of the Nilawahan Group records a late glacial and post-glacial episode in which a range of glacio-fluvial, marine and fluvial environments evolved and accumulated. The Early Permian succession of the Salt Range has been classified into four formations, which together indicates a changing climatic regime during the Early Permian in the Salt Range region. The lower-most, Tobra Formation unconformably overlies a Cambrian sequence and is composed of tillite, diamictite and fresh water facies, which contain a floral assemblage (Gangamopteris and Glossopteris) that confirms an Asselian age. The Tobra Formation is overlain by marginal marine deposits of the Dandot Formation (Sakmarian), which contain an abundant brachiopods assemblage (Eurydesma and Conularia). Accumulation of the Dandot Formation was terminated by a regional sea-level fall and a change to the deposition of the fluvial deposits of the Warchha Sandstone (Artinskian). The Warchha Sandstone was deposited by high sinuosity meandering, avulsion prone river with well developed floodplains. This episode of fluvial sedimentation was terminated by a widespread marine transgression, as represented by the abrupt upward transition to the overlying shallow marine Sardhai Formation (Kungurian). The Early Permian Gondwana sequence represented by the Nilawahan Group is capped by predominantly shallow shelf carbonate deposits of the Tethyan realm. The sedimentologic and stratigraphic relationship of these four lithostratigraphic units in the Salt Range reveals a complex stratigraphic history for the Early Permian, which is mainly controlled by eustatic sea-level change due to climatic variation associated with climatic amelioration at the end of the major Gondwana glacial episode, and the gradual regional northward drift to a lower latitude of the Indian plate.

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Section: Lithostratigraphic Analysis Of the Early Permian Succession mentioning

confidence: 99%

Stratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental framework of the Early Permian sequence in the Salt Range, Pakistan

et al. 2012

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“…21 and 22) from the Salt Range and those from the Peninsular Shield may be fortuitous and that the palaeomagnetic poles for the Purple Sandstone and the Salt Pseudomorph beds from the Salt Range may be rotated anticlockwise through 7 5 O around a rotation pole located at 33' N, 74' E. According to Crawford, the Salt Range was aligned along the main strike of the Himalayas, but was rotated to occupy the present position as a consequence of tectonic movement taking place some time in the Late Tertiary. However, Wensink (1975) and Klootwijk (1976) have pointed out that the position for Permo-Carboniferous Speckled Sandstone from the Salt Range is located close to those for contemporaneous formations from the Peninsular Shield, although they did not apply the rotation correction suggested by Crawford for the Salt Range palaeomagnetic data. In this paper, we have shown that the Durgapipal volcanics, located in a folded chain (the Lesser Himalayas), also show an agreement with the Permian results from the Salt Range and the Peninsular Shield, without invoking any block rotation.…”

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“…While formations belonging to the Mesozoic era have been studied extensively, only scanty data are available for the Tertiary period, the Palaeozoic era and for some Pre-Cambrian horizons. The data have been summarized and reviewed periodically (Athavale et al 1970;McElhinny 1973;Wensink 1973Wensink , 1975Klootwijk 1976 etc.). The palaeomagnetic polar wandering path based on the Indian data so far available shows a large gap between the Late Pre-Cambrian-Cambrian and Upper Carboniferous.…”

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Palaeomagnetic results from two basic volcanic formations in the western Himalayas and a Phanerozoic polar wandering curve for India

Athavale

Rao

1980

Geophys J Int

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We present palaeomagnetic results from the Durgapipal and Rudraprayag formations, which are basic volcanic formations in the Lesser Himalayas of Uttar Pradesh State. NRM measurements and AF demagnetization stability tests were made on specimens cored from oriented block samples collected at representative sites. Mean stable remanent magnetic directions were used for calculating the Virtual Geomagnetic Pole (VGP) positions; where necessary tectonic corrections were applied.The virtual geomagnetic north poles were found t o be located at: (a) Durgapipal (Permian): h, = 10' S, L, = 42" W; (b) Rudraprayag (Silurian-Devonian): A, = 30" S, L, = 12" W.A new, continuous Phanerozoic apparent polar wandering curve for the Indian subcontinent has been plotted from the available palaeomagnetic data and the VGP positions reported in this paper. As a result, the gap in the Indian palaeomagnetic data from the Lower Carboniferous to the Cambrian has been partially filled. The locations of the pole positions for the two formations on the Phanerozoic polar wandering curve for the Indian subcontinent, have been found to coincide with the stratigraphic ages assigned to them on the basis of rather limited geological and palaeontological evidence.The Cambrian and Permian poles for the Salt Range in the NW Himalayas and the Permian pole for the Kumaon Himalayas are grouped along with the pole positions of contemporaneous formations of the Peninsular Shield. The palaeomagnetic data thus suggests that the two formations are autochthonous in nature.

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Apparent polar wander paths carboniferous through cenozoic and the assembly of Gondwana

Irving

1982

Geophysical Surveys

377

193

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Abstract. Directions of magnetization observed from rock-units from a given continental block are conveniently summarized by a path of apparent polar wander (apw) relative to that block. This article documents apw paths for the maj or continental blocks spanning the interval from Late Carboniferous (approximately -300 Ma) to the present. It is shown that by passing moving windowsof 30 or 40 Ma duration over the data an apw path can be obtained with little or no loss of features through smoothing. It also is shown that mean pole positions obtained using Fisher's statistics or by calculating modes do not differ significantly. In the analysis 'poor' results are screened out by applying certain minimum reliability criteria. Unit weight is then given to each of the remaining results. No attempt has been made to weight the results differentially because of the risk of added subjectivity.The paths contain many interesting features. One is an interval of rapid apparent polar motion relative to all major land-masses that occurred sometime in the Late Permian and Triassic. The general form of these motions is roughly established, but their timing and detailed form is poorly known because of inadequacies in the paleomagnetic record. Although it is clear that the motions occurred sometime around the Paleozoic-Mesozoic boundary it is not known whether the motions are or are not contemporaneous from continent to continent.Apw paths are of great importance for many problems in geology and geophysics. As an example, the new paths are applied to the question of how should Gondwana be correctly assembled. The results show that the best available reconstruction is the 1937 assembly of Alex du Toit as quantified by Smith and Hallam, with a minor modification by Barton and Molnar for the fit of Australia and Antarctica. Assemblies, that place Antarctica to the south and wrap the Antarctic Peninsula around the southern Andes, are not supported by the paleomagnetic data. There are, however, several obscurities, which derive, it is argued, from the uncertainties in timing the Late Permian to Triassic transitions alluded to above.

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The paleomagnetism of the Speckled Sandstones of Early Permian Age from the Salt Range, Pakistan

Cited by 18 publications

References 16 publications

Stratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental framework of the Early Permian sequence in the Salt Range, Pakistan

Stratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental framework of the Early Permian sequence in the Salt Range, Pakistan

Palaeomagnetic results from two basic volcanic formations in the western Himalayas and a Phanerozoic polar wandering curve for India

Apparent polar wander paths carboniferous through cenozoic and the assembly of Gondwana

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