The palmaris longus muscle and tendon. A study of 1600 extremities

Hypertrophy of palmaris longus muscle, a rare anatomic aberration

“…The human hand can function perfectly without this muscle and thus its absence or variation in shape and structure usually doesn't affect the proper function of the hand [3]. The PLM is currently one of the most variable muscles in the human body; its described variations include: agenesis, the most frequent anatomical variation [17], reversed PLM [19], double PLM [12], variation in location [17], and many others.…”

Clinical Study of Absence of the Palmaris Longus and Its Correlation With Other Anatomical Anomalies

“…Palmaris longus tendon meets the required criteria such as length, diameter and availability and along with no any functional deformity which makes it ideal choice for surgeons in reconstructive surgeries. 3 The palmaris longus tendon is regularly viewed as the perfect graft for substitution of the long flexors of the fingers, and of the flexor pollicis longus tendon [5]. Wehbe M and Bryn M reported 70-85% presence of PL muscle.Few authors concluded that apart from its ethnic varieties, its bilateral absence is more common in females as compares to males, and if there is unilateral absence then more common on the left side [6].…”

“…humerus, from the intramuscular septa between it and the adjacent muscles, and from the antebrachial fascia [1][2][3][4]. It ends in a slender, flattened tendon, which passes distally lying on the medial side of the flexor carpi radialis [4].…”

“…Palmaris longus is considered to be a superfluous tendon because its absence does not significantly affect the function of the wrist. It is therefore very useful in orthopaedic, hand and reconstructive surgery, management of facial palsies, lip augmentation, ptosis reconstruction, restoration of lip and chin defects [6,7]. Most standard textbooks of hand surgery quote the prevalence of absence of palmaris longus at around 15%.However, this figure varies considerably in different ethnicgroups.…”

Unusual Co-existence of Biaponeurotic Palmaris Longus and Accessory Abductor Digiti Minimi in man

“…Following agenesis, variation in form was the most common anomaly with an incidence of 4% in the study sample. This variation included 3 main configurations -a distal muscle belly, a central muscle belly and digastrics like configuration with a central tendon connecting the two [8]. Mackerson describes a case with the central belly variant causing the median nerve compression but the muscle had a dual tendon [9].…”