The Paradigms in Breast Cancer Prevention

Janssens, Jaak

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27135-4_1

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 109 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The questionnaire also provided information on the occurrence of mononucleosis and exposure to ionising radiation during early childhood. These factors were selected among lifestyle-related variables because they have been reported to be risk factors for breast cancer (15).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Total Dietary Fats, Fatty Acids, and Omega-3/Omega-6 Ratio as Risk Factors of Breast Cancer in the Polish Population – a Case-Control Study

Dydjow-Bendek

Zagożdżon

2019

In Vivo

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background/Aim: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women around the world and the leading cause of cancer-related death among women. The knowledge about modifiable risk factors, such as diet, can be an acceptable, cheap and non-pharmacological prevention tool. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between dietary fat, dietary fatty acids, fish intake, and breast cancer in women. Patients and Methods: A case-control study was designed. A total of 201 consecutive, newly diagnosed, polish female cancer patients (mean age: 58 years) and 201 one-to-one age-matched controls were enrolled. A standardised questionnaire assessing various sociodemographic, clinical, lifestyle, and dietary characteristics was applied via face-to-face interviews. Detailed dietary intake information was assessed using a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were obtained using multiple unconditional logistic regression models controlling for nondietary and dietary potential confounders. Results: Consumption of polyunsaturated fats (PUFA) over 10% of total energy intake was associated with a significantly lower risk of breast cancer compared to low intake of PUFA (OR=0.4, 95%CI=0.19-0.85). Low (<0.2) omega-3/ omega-6 ratio (OR=2.04, 95%CI=0.996-4.17), fish consumption less than once every six months (OR=3.37, 95%CI=1.57-7.23) and being overweight (OR=2.07, 95%CI=1.3-3.3) were associated with increased risk of breast cancer. Residents of rural areas had a significantly higher risk compared to women from urban areas (OR=1.8, 95%CI=1.06-3.03). Conclusion: High intake of PUFA can decrease the risk of breast cancer, while the low omega-3/omega-6 ratio increases the risk. In addition, overweight state, eliminating fish from the diet and living in rural areas can also increase the risk of breast cancer. Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women around the world and the leading cause of cancerrelated death among women. In 2018, 2.1 million new cases were diagnosed worldwide, while in the same year breast cancer was the cause of approximately 627 thousand deaths (1-3). In Poland the number of newly registered cases is constantly growing (4). Every year 18 thousand women are diagnosed with breast cancer, which accounts for 22% of all types of cancer among Polish women (5, 6). While known risk factors for breast cancer, such as: age over 40 years, positive family history, early menstruation, late menopause, late age of first pregnancy (after the age of 35 years), duration of breastfeeding, and Caucasian race (7, 8) are basically unmodifiable, the knowledge of nutritional recommendations and the awareness that the diet has an impact on the risk of developing this type of cancer (7, 9) may be harbingers of a new primary prevention system. Many studies have drawn special attention to dietary fat and fatty acids (10-14); however, they do not provide a definitive answer to the question of the role of fat in the aetiology of breast cancer. The wester...

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Total Dietary Fats, Fatty Acids, and Omega-3/Omega-6 Ratio as Risk Factors of Breast Cancer in the Polish Population – a Case-Control Study

Dydjow-Bendek

Zagożdżon

2019

In Vivo

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…We may have overestimated the importance of signaling in experiments in so far as static measurements cannot reveal what occurs over long periods. "Recognition of risk markers that reliably predict disease" is considered important for early cancer screening [314] but methodological approaches need to be taken into account: different signaling markers have different levels to be measured at different Cancer burden in regard to homeostasis and the disruption of signaling homeostasis induced crosstalk in the carcinogenesis paradigm "Epistemology of the origin of cancer". Explanation numbers: A tumor nodule is reported to be first detectable by X-ray imaging when it has 10 7 cells [330] which was earlier 10 8 cells [331].…”

Section: Cautiously Optimisticmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synopsis: Special Issue on “Disruption of signaling homeostasis induced crosstalk in the carcinogenesis paradigmEpistemology of the origin of cancer”

Brücher

Jamall

2019

4open

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

It is increasingly evident that carcinogenesis, in the vast majority of cancers, cannot be explained simply through an accumulation of somatic mutations, or epigenetics, the stem cell theory, or the Warburg effect. Here, decades of thinking based on incorrect assumptions has resulted in an incorrect hypothesis on the origin of cancer. Many papers studying DNA, genetics, RNA, miRNA, proteomics, and epigenetics have increased our understanding of biology. Our paradigm, though more complex, is more reliable and plausible. It states that cancer originates from a disruption of homeostasis. This essential biological phenomenon, homeostasis, maintains the interrelationships of various signaling pathways and induced crosstalk which modify cellular functions together with the interactions of surrounding cells and structures such that the equilibrium lies towards the optimal health of the organism. This Special Issue “Disruption of signaling homeostasis induced crosstalk in the carcinogenesis paradigm Epistemology of the origin of cancer” provides compelling evidence that carcinogenesis is explained by a six-step sequence of events for the vast majority of cancers. These six steps include, (1) a pathogenic stimulus followed by (2) chronic inflammation, from which develops (3) fibrosis with associated remodeling in the cellular microenvironment. From these changes a (4) pre-cancerous niche develops which triggers the deployment of (5) a chronic stress escape strategy, and when this fails to resolve, and (6) the transition of a normal cell to a cancer cell occurs. This paradigm provides opportunities to move away from a symptom-oriented understanding of cancer and is much closer to a cause-based understanding, which opens the door for early preventative strategies to mitigate cancer as a disease, and to interdict metastases. This is underpinned by the fact that an independent recently published proof of this paradigm showed how a stimulus trigger the proposed multi-sequence cascade of events as abrupt involution-induced chronic inflammation, followed by fibrosis with remodeling, which describes the pre-cancerous niche followed by hyperplasia, metaplasia, and cancer.

show abstract