“…Whereas most research on observed mistreatment focuses on moral reactions (Folger, 1998(Folger, , 2001, we suggest that third parties may respond in self-interested ways that help them avoid their own mistreatment (i.e., increases in performance efforts). By doing so, we contribute to the leadership literature that primarily uses positive, not negative, forms of leadership (e.g., transformational leadership, ethical leadership) as a source of employee motivation (see Judge & Piccolo, 2004;Bedi, Alpaslan, & Green, 2016) and provide a partial answer to the question of why destructive leaders are tolerated and may even be effective (Ma, Karri, & Chittipeddi, 2004;Thoroughgood, Padilla, Hunter, & Tate, 2012).…”