The parameters of the ageing kidney

Darmady, E. M.; Offer, J.M.; Woodhouse, M. A.

doi:10.1002/path.1711090304

Cited by 213 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Kidney weight may also be used as an IVIVE scaling factor for in vitro data generated in kidney slice assays (Table III). Data on the weight and volume of human kidney, including potential covariation with factors such as age, gender, ethnicity, body weight and/or body height, have been reported and collated previously (7,(63)(64)(65). Inter-study variability may be low when using the same method to measure kidney size, whereas there appears to be systematic differences between the different methodological approaches (66,67).…”

Section: Kidney Weight Volume and Blood Flowmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As an example, reported values of the length and diameter of the human proximal tubule ranged from 12 to 25.6 mm and 30 to 79.7 μm, respectively. Some of the variability may be attributed to age, as proximal tubule length increases during childhood and early adulthood, and declines after around 30-40 years old (63). In addition to the length, diameter and number of nephrons, the presence of plasma membrane structures such as microvilli, microplicae and basolateral infolding impact the estimate of the effective surface area for a given region of the nephron and subsequently prediction of the extent of tubular reabsorption.…”

Section: Tubule Dimensions and Surface Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Key to Opening Kidney for In Vitro–In Vivo Extrapolation Entrance in Health and Disease: Part I: In Vitro Systems and Physiological Data

Scotcher

Jones²,

Posada

et al. 2016

AAPS J

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ABSTRACT.The programme for the 2015 AAPS Annual Meeting and Exhibition (Orlando, FL; 25-29 October 2015) included a sunrise session presenting an overview of the state-of-the-art tools for in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) and mechanistic prediction of renal drug disposition. These concepts are based on approaches developed for prediction of hepatic clearance, with consideration of scaling factors physiologically relevant to kidney and the unique and complex structural organisation of this organ. Physiologically relevant kidney models require a number of parameters for mechanistic description of processes, supported by quantitative information on renal physiology (system parameters) and in vitro/in silico drug-related data. This review expands upon the themes raised during the session and highlights the importance of high quality in vitro drug data generated in appropriate experimental setup and robust system-related information for successful IVIVE of renal drug disposition. The different in vitro systems available for studying renal drug metabolism and transport are summarised and recent developments involving state-of-the-art technologies highlighted. Current gaps and uncertainties associated with system parameters related to human kidney for the development of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model and quantitative prediction of renal drug disposition, excretion, and/or metabolism are identified.

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Section: Kidney Weight Volume and Blood Flowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tubule Dimensions and Surface Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Key to Opening Kidney for In Vitro–In Vivo Extrapolation Entrance in Health and Disease: Part I: In Vitro Systems and Physiological Data

Scotcher

Jones²,

Posada

et al. 2016

AAPS J

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“…This finding might be explained by the fact that renal cysts originate from a weakening of the tubular layer of the collecting duct and form diverticula. Therefore, exophytic renal cysts may grow more easily than endophytic renal cysts because of more space available [5,6] . However, our study has several limitations.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Renal cysts originate from weakened of the tubular basement membrane of the distal convoluted or collecting duct cells [2] . As results, a diverticulum is formed, which can subsequently develop into a simple renal cyst [5,6] . The reported risk factors for renal cysts include old age, male gender, renal dysfunction, and hypertension [7] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Growth of Renal Cysts According to the Exophytic Index of the RENAL Nephrometry Scoring System

Park

Kang

2016

Journal of Nephrology Research

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higher than mild and moderate exophytic renal cyst. INTRODUCTIONRenal cysts are acquired lesions that most commonly affect the elderly population [1] . Autopsy studies have reported a 50% incidence of renal cysts after the age of 50 years [2] . The prevalence of renal cysts is approximately 10%, ranging from 4% in the third decade to 19% in the sixth decade [3] . There is an increase in the size and number of cysts over time in cyst-bearing individuals. Previous longterm follow-up data have shown that, simple renal cysts continue to increase in size with age > 10 years, and sometimes increase rapidly, particularly in younger patients [4] . However, this study also showed decreased growth rate of cysts with increased age. Renal cysts originate from weakened of the tubular basement membrane of the distal convoluted or collecting duct cells [2] . As results, a diverticulum is formed, which can subsequently develop into a simple renal cyst [5,6] . The reported risk factors for renal cysts include old age, male gender, renal dysfunction, and hypertension [7] . However, given the retrospective nature of these studies, the associations could be coincidental. The only persistent confounder among all reported associations was increasing age [4,7,8] . Therefore, we analyzed the discrepancy of an increasing rate of simple renal cysts according to initial size, location, and exophytic index stratified using the RENAL nephrometry scoring system in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study populationThis study was conducted after receiving approval from our ABSTRACT AIM: To investigate the growth patterns of renal cysts according to location, exophytic degree and Bosniak classification. METHODS: From December 2000 to September 2012, a total of 252 patients (340 renal cysts) were included in this study. All patients had undergone computed tomography (CT) scans of the kidney level at least twice, and six months apart for any reason. Renal cyst data were assessed according to cyst side (right or left), location (upper, mid or lower), characteristics (Bosniak classification), and exophytic degree (1,2, and 3) which were stratified using the RENAL nephrometry score. The growth rate of renal cyst was analyzed according to each parameter using linear correlation analysis. RESULTS:The mean size of renal cyst increased from 3.81 cm to 3.85 cm during a mean follow-up of 20.1 months, not significantly (p = 0.121). Among 340 renal cyst units, 180 renal cysts had an exophytic degree index of 1 (52.9%), 90 had an index 2 (26.5%), and 70 had an index of 3 (20.6%). After a mean of 20.1 months of follow-up, only exophytic degree 3 renal cysts increased in size significantly from 4.54 to 5.76 cm (p = 0.018). The annual growth rate in exophytic degree 3 renal cysts was 2.4 mm (r 2 = 0.263), which was higher than that for renal cysts at other site locations. CONCLUSION: The growth rate of renal cysts varied according to exophytic location. The growth rate of exophytic renal cysts was

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“…62 In aging kidneys, tubular diverticula are often observed and are a probable source of renal cysts. 65,66 These aging-related pathological alterations in the glomeruli and tubulointerstitium are not specific to aging kidneys but are also common pathways of kidney fibrosis in a number of renal diseases.…”

Section: Pathological Changes In Aged Kidneysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathophysiology of the aging kidney and therapeutic interventions

2012

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Kidneys are among the organs affected by the aging process. Aging kidneys are characterized by progressive scarring and measurable declines in renal function. Deficiencies in renal function are associated with mortality in all populations. Therefore, if the kidneys age at an accelerated rate relative to the other organs in a particular individual, then slowing or reversing the kidney aging process may be a therapeutically useful strategy. In this review, we will discuss the physiology and pathogenesis of kidney aging and analyze potential therapeutic strategies for halting the aging process in the kidneys.

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The parameters of the ageing kidney

Cited by 213 publications

References 16 publications

Key to Opening Kidney for In Vitro–In Vivo Extrapolation Entrance in Health and Disease: Part I: In Vitro Systems and Physiological Data

Key to Opening Kidney for In Vitro–In Vivo Extrapolation Entrance in Health and Disease: Part I: In Vitro Systems and Physiological Data

The Growth of Renal Cysts According to the Exophytic Index of the RENAL Nephrometry Scoring System

Pathophysiology of the aging kidney and therapeutic interventions

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