The Parasites of Saimiri: in the Context of Platyrrhine Parasitism

Morphological Features of Trypanosomes from Squirrel Monkeys from the Brazilian Amazon

“…Although some species of trypanosomes, like Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi Chagas and T. (Megatrypanum) lambrechti Marinkelle, develop blood trypomastigotes that are morphologically very characteristic, identification of other species is often difficult due to the interspecific morphological similarities and intraspecific variability (Dunn et al 1963, Marinkelle 1966, Dunn 1968. For example, Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) saimirii Rodhain, because it is poorly characterized, has seldom been identified by most of the authors during surveys of trypanosomes in squirrel monkeys.…”

The Pathoparasitology of Nonhuman Primates: A Review

“…These are small, slender, pale red worms that inhabit the upper digestive tract, duodenum, and sometimes the pyloric region of the stomach of nonhuman primates. Occasionally, they may involve the pancreas and mesentery [62,148,168,201,207,290,461,509,791,919]. They are always found lying on the mucosa, never attached.…”

“…Infection is said to be common in Old World monkeys but uncommon or rare in New World monkeys obtained from their natural habitat [200,742,791,869]. Young monkeys and New World monkeys are reported to sustain more severe lesions from infection with this parasite [46,90,207,223,704,742,869]. The morphology of this parasite has been discussed [90,182,290,389,529,530,748,791].…”

“…These small nematodes are prevalent in most tropical and subtropical areas, but their occurrence in the temperate zones is sporadic. Several species have been reported to affect nonhuman primates: Strongyloides cebus has been found in New World monkeys (cebus monkeys, woolly monkeys, spider monkeys, squirrel monkeys, and marmosets) [207,290,437,461,492,541,634,650,752,791], Strongyloides fulleborni in Old World monkeys and great apes (rhesus monkeys, cynomolgus monkeys, guenons, baboons, and chimpanzees) [290, 345, and great apes (gibbons, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans) [38,171,177,222,285,290,360,504,570,650,672,687,774,791,857,861,922]. Only adult females and larvae are found in the gastrointestinal tract of the host animal.…”

“…The cause of this disease, Entamoeba histolytica, has a world-wide distribution and has been reported in New World monkeys (spider monkeys, cebus monkeys, woolly monkeys, howler monkeys, squirrel monkeys, and marmosets), Old World monkeys (rhesus monkeys, pig-tailed macaques, bonnet macaques, cynomolgus monkeys, colobus monkeys, proboscis monkeys, African green monkeys, baboons, and langurs), and the great apes (gibbons, orangutans, and chimpanzees) [10,38,51,92,172,207,222,285,290,299,329,330,369,376,423,437,445,486,[491][492][493][494]544,545,588,599,601,661,712,742,746,747,769,791,863,929]. Infection is said to be common in Old World monkeys but uncommon or rare in New World monkeys obtained from their natural habitat [200,742,791,869].…”