The past, present, and potential future of liana ecology

Schnitzer, Stefan A.; Putz, Francis E.; Bongers, Frans; Kroening, Kristina

doi:10.1002/9781118392409.ch1

Cited by 36 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…En cambio, en I. carnea spp. fistulosa, el parénquima es escaso y abunda el tejido esclerenquimático, lo cual estaría en concordancia con la necesidad de autosostenerse (Carlquist & Hanson 1991;Carlquist, 2001;Gutiérrez et al, 2009;Angyalossy et al, 2011;Schnitzer, 2015). Iguales observaciones fueron reportadas para otras dos especies de arbustos, I. chilopsidis Standl.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Iguales conclusiones fueron reportadas para otras familias y géneros que presentan especies de lianas (Gutiérrez et al, 2009;Angyalossy et al, 2011;Schnitzer, 2015), por lo que se plantea la necesidad de ampliar los estudios cuantitativos del leño en especies Argentinas.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Frente a esta diversidad de hábitos, es de esperar que se presenten diferentes modificaciones estructurales en sus tallos, ya que, en general las especies con porte erguido exhiben un crecimiento secundario normal, considerado basal o ancestral; en tanto que las especies leñosas de trepadoras y lianas presentan diferentes tipos de variante cambial, los cuales serían caracteres derivados (McDonald, 1992;Carlquist, 2001Carlquist, , 2007Angyalossy et al, 2011;Schnitzer, 2015).…”

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Variante cambial en tallos de Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) nativas de Argentina.

Delbón

Sánchez²,

Cosa³

2016

Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot.

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Ipomoea es un género diversificado y complejo, compuesto por herbáceas, lianas y enredaderas leñosas, y un pequeño grupo de arbustos y árboles. Llama la atención que todas las especies estudiadas anteriormente presentaron diferentes tipos de variante cambial en sus tallos, independientemente del modo de vida, excepto dos taxones con crecimiento secundario normal, una liana y un árbol. Por ello, en el presente trabajo se planteó el estudio de tres enredaderas nativas de Argentina, Ipomoea cairica, I. purpurea e I. rubriflora, y de I. carnea ssp. fistulosa, árbol con crecimientonormal, con el fin de comparar el desarrollo de sus tallos y aportar datos de interés para dilucidar sus relaciones filogenéticas. Las cuatro especies estudiadas presentaron igual ontogenia y anatomía desus tallos con crecimiento primario, lo que apoyaría sus estrechas relaciones filogenéticas. Por otro lado, las enredaderas presentaron sólo dos tipos de variante cambial, el patrón lobado y el de cámbiumsupernumerario. Se puede inferir que en Ipomoea el tipo de crecimiento secundario, así como los tipos de variante cambial, no estarían directamente relacionados con el hábito; sin embargo, otras características del leño pueden ponerse a consideración como la proporción de tejido parenquimático y características de los vasos.

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Section: Discussionunclassified

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Variante cambial en tallos de Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) nativas de Argentina.

Delbón

Sánchez²,

Cosa³

2016

Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot.

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“…Studies of liana biology have significantly increased in the past decades, given the realization of their critical importance in tropical forests and evidence of a recent increment of lianas in this environment, in both disturbed and undisturbed sites (Schnitzer and Bongers, 2002;Wright et al, 2004;Isnard and Silk, 2009;Schnitzer and Bongers, 2011;Schnitzer et al, 2015). This success has frequently been related to the greater capacity lianas have to cope with extreme dry seasons (Schnitzer and Bongers, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unravelling roots of lianas: a case study in Sapindaceae

Bastos

Tamaio

Angyalossy

2016

Ann Bot

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Background and Aims Roots are key in the evolution of plants, being in charge of critical functions, such as water and nutrient uptake and anchorage of the plant body. Stems of lianescent Sapindaceae conform to the anatomical patterns typical of climbing plants, having cambial variants in their stems and vessel dimorphism in their wood. The roots of these lianas, however, are largely unexplored, so we do not know whether the plant habit has as strong an impact on their anatomy as on the anatomy of their stems. Our aim was, therefore, to thoroughly explore the anatomy of liana roots, underground organs under selective pressure completely different from that experienced by the stems.Methods We studied mature roots of 14 species belonging to five of the six genera currently recognized in the lianoid tribe Paullinieae (Sapindaceae) using traditional methods for macro-and microscopic analyses, as well as micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) techniques.Key Results Roots were shown to be strongly shaped by the lianescent habit in Paullinieae, exhibiting traits of the lianescent vascular syndrome in terms of both wood and overall anatomy. The only way to distinguish root from stem in secondary growth is by the exarch protoxylem position in the roots, as opposed to the endarch position typical of the stems. The most conspicuous trait of the lianescent vascular syndrome, which is the presence of vessel dimorphism, is evident in all roots, and we hypothesize that it helps to create an efficient, safe pathway for water conduction from this organ towards the stems. Other anatomical features present were parenchyma bands, present in the wood of almost all of the analysed species, except for Thinouia and Urvillea, where parenchyma-like fibre bands alternating with ordinary fibres are present. The majority of the roots showed no cambial variants. However, lobed roots were found in Urvillea rufescens and phloem wedges were observed in Serjania lethalis and Serjania caracasana. Neo-formed peripheral vascular strands and cylinders were common in mature roots of Serjania caracasana, and vascular connections were found uniting the peripheral and central vascular cylinders through phloem wedges, as revealed by anatomical and micro-CT analyses. The vascular connections likely represent another key mechanism to create a network that increases the area of vascular tissue and contributes as an additional conduction pathway within these thick roots.Conclusions Some traits from the lianescent vascular syndrome, such as vessel dimorphism, are present in the roots of lianescent Sapindaceae, while others, such as cambial variants common in the stems, are largely absent.

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“…Once climbers reach the canopy, branches of the emergent trees may facilitate dispersal of climbers with aerodynamic seeds or fruits. In addition, synchronous leaf fall and strong winds during periods of decreased precipitation, should allow seed and fruit dehydration, facilitating anemochory (Gentry, 1991;Gallagher, 2015;Schnitzer, Putz, Bongers, & Kroening, 2015). However, phylogenetic history can have an important influence over character traits and may explain why trees differ from climbers in this characteristic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liana species composition differs, in spite of trait similarities, in two adjacent forest types in Central Brazil

Brito

Ferraro²,

Burnham

et al. 2017

RBT

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Abstract:In the Parana basin, the Serra de Maracaju juxtaposes the Seasonal Dry Forest and the cerradão (a phytophysiognomy of Cerrado), two distinct vegetation types that differ in canopy height, tree density, and composition of the understory. In the same way, these differences may be reflected in the composition of climbing plant species found in these two forest types. Thus, in this study we compared the climbing species in two forest fragments of Serra de Maracaju to understand: (1) Are species richness and floristic composition of climbing plants similar in cerradão and seasonal deciduous forest?, (2) What degree of floristic compositional difference exists between the two vegetation types?, (3) Do the two vegetation types differ significantly in climbing mechanisms, life forms, and dispersal syndromes represented among climbing species? For this, we established and sampled four plots per forest type over 24 months. Species were identified and each one classified, based on three discrete traits. Proportional differences were analyzed using chi-square tests. Our results showed that species richness and floristic composition of climbing plants in the cerradão and the seasonal deciduous forest were not similar. Climber species richness in cerradão was 37 while in the seasonal deciduous forest it was 31; they share only 13 species. Four families, Dioscoreaceae, Fabaceae, Malpighiaceae, and Sapindaceae, included over 60 % of the climbing species. The morphological traits most common in both forest types were herbaceous life form, apical twining mechanism, and wind dispersal. Dioscoreaceae was found to be the dominant family, but is the first time to be reported for this condition in Brazil. Bignoniaceae and Passifloraceae ocurred only in the cerradão, and Asteraceae and Combretaceae in the seasonal deciduous forest; some species were found exclusively in a type of forest. Floristic composition of the cerradão and seasonal deciduous forest fragments were substantially different, in spite of physical proximity. However, their climbing species are not statistically distinct in morphological characteristics, possibly due to uniform climatic conditions and the similarity of species because of a shared ancestry (similar families). Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (3): 1215-1225. Epub 2017 September 01.Key words: climbing mechanism, dispersion, life form, cerradão, Dioscoreaceae.Tropical climates support climbing floras with high species richness, morphological diversity, and phylogenetic diversity. Climber species play essential roles in tropical plant communities, contributing with significant richness to tropical forests (Hergarty & Caballé, 1991;Engel, Fonseca, & Oliveira, 1998), and occurring in both evergreen and seasonal forests. Collectively, climbers show tolerance to large ranges of latitude, altitude, climate, and soil types (Gentry, 1991). At least 133 plant families include the climbing habit, which evolved independently several times; indeed almost 40 % of vascular plant families in Brazil include climbers (Schenck, ...

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The past, present, and potential future of liana ecology

Cited by 36 publications

References 44 publications

Variante cambial en tallos de Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) nativas de Argentina.

Variante cambial en tallos de Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) nativas de Argentina.

Unravelling roots of lianas: a case study in Sapindaceae

Liana species composition differs, in spite of trait similarities, in two adjacent forest types in Central Brazil

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