The Pathobiology of H7N3 Low and High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses from the United States Outbreak in 2020 Differs between Turkeys and Chickens

Criado, Miriã Ferreira; Leyson, Christina M.; Youk, Sungsu; DeBlois, Suzanne M.; Olivier, Tim L.; Killian, Mary Lea; Torchetti, Mia; Parris, Darren J.; Spackman, Erica; Kapczynski, Darrell R.; Suarez, David L.; Swayne, David E.; Pantin‐Jackwood, Mary J.

doi:10.3390/v13091851

Cited by 10 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…The spread and replication of the LPAIV among turkeys eventually resulted in the emergence of a HPAIV by the acquisition of basic amino acids at the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site. The H7N3 LPAIV-1, LPAIV-2, and HPAIV used in this study, as well as all viruses sequenced from the outbreak, were shown to be highly related to each other, with over 99 percent sequence identity across all segments [ 30 , 35 ]. LPAIV-1 and HPAIV belong to the major group of viruses identified from the outbreak called Cluster A, while LPAIV-2 belongs to a smaller group of viruses called Cluster B, in which the neuraminidase (NA) segment had a 66-nucleotide deletion in the stalk region of the NA gene [ 30 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, virus-inoculated turkeys transmitted the viruses to all contacts regardless of the virus doses tested, whereas transmission was only observed in chickens inoculated with either of the two LPAIVs at the highest virus doses tested. These results demonstrate that turkeys are more susceptible to the 2020 H7N3 viruses compared to chickens [ 35 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These H7N3 viruses were isolated during the 2020 US H7N3 AIV outbreak in turkeys [ 30 ]. In the pathogenesis study [ 35 ], birds were intrachoanally inoculated with an assigned virus inocula of 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 log 10 EID 50 (50% egg infectious dose) and were monitored for clinical signs and mortality. Naïve contact birds were co-housed with directly inoculated birds 24 h post-inoculation to determine virus transmissibility.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main objective of this study was to investigate within-host virus diversity of three closely related H7N3 AIVs in turkeys and chickens. In a previous study, we examined the pathogenicity in these two poultry species of three H7N3 AIVs from the 2020 outbreak that occurred in commercial turkeys in North and South Carolina, US [ 30 , 35 ]. Phylogenetic analyses of the viruses involved in the outbreak showed that a single introduction of a wild bird AIV had occurred, and thus all viruses from this H7N3 outbreak have high genetic similarity to each other [ 30 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Turkeys and chickens were inoculated with either a HPAIV or one of two different LPAIVs with different neuraminidase (NA) stalk lengths. Clear differences were observed between these two species, with turkeys requiring a lower virus dose to become infected, and infected turkeys efficiently transmitting the virus to contacts [ 35 ]. For this study, we conducted deep sequencing of virus genomes from oropharyngeal (OP) swabs and tissue samples collected from the experimentally infected birds to examine the diversity of viral genomes and to provide insights into AIV within-host populations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low Pathogenicity H7N3 Avian Influenza Viruses Have Higher Within-Host Genetic Diversity Than a Closely Related High Pathogenicity H7N3 Virus in Infected Turkeys and Chickens

Leyson

Criado

Youk

et al. 2022

Viruses

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Within-host viral diversity offers a view into the early stages of viral evolution occurring after a virus infects a host. In recent years, advances in deep sequencing have allowed for routine identification of low-frequency variants, which are important sources of viral genetic diversity and can potentially emerge as a major virus population under certain conditions. We examined within-host viral diversity in turkeys and chickens experimentally infected with closely related H7N3 avian influenza viruses (AIVs), specifically one high pathogenicity AIV (HPAIV) and two low pathogenicity AIV (LPAIVs) with different neuraminidase protein stalk lengths. Consistent with the high mutation rates of AIVs, an abundance of intra-host single nucleotide variants (iSNVs) at low frequencies of 2–10% was observed in all samples collected. Furthermore, a small number of common iSNVs were observed between turkeys and chickens, and between directly inoculated and contact-exposed birds. Notably, the LPAIVs have significantly higher iSNV diversities and frequencies of nonsynonymous changes than the HPAIV in both turkeys and chickens. These findings highlight the dynamics of AIV populations within hosts and the potential impact of genetic changes, including mutations in the hemagglutinin gene that confers the high pathogenicity pathotype, on AIV virus populations and evolution.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Low Pathogenicity H7N3 Avian Influenza Viruses Have Higher Within-Host Genetic Diversity Than a Closely Related High Pathogenicity H7N3 Virus in Infected Turkeys and Chickens

Leyson

Criado

Youk

et al. 2022

Viruses

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Molecular Evolution of the H5 and H7 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Haemagglutinin Cleavage Site Motif

Luczo,

Spackman

2024

Reviews in Medical Virology

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Avian influenza viruses are ubiquitous in the Anatinae subfamily of aquatic birds and occasionally spill over to poultry. Infection with low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses generally leads to subclinical or mild clinical disease. In contrast, highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses emerge from low pathogenic forms and can cause severe disease associated with extraordinarily high mortality rates. Here, we describe the natural history of avian influenza virus, with a focus on H5Nx and H7Nx subtypes, and the emergence of highly pathogenic forms; we review the biology of AIV; we examine cleavage of haemagglutinin by host cell enzymes with a particular emphasis on the biochemical properties of the proprotein convertases, and trypsin and trypsin‐like proteases; we describe mechanisms implicated in the functional evolution of the haemagglutinin cleavage site motif that leads to emergence of HPAIVs; and finally, we discuss the diversity of H5 and H7 haemagglutinin cleavage site sequence motifs. It is crucial to understand the molecular attributes that drive the emergence and evolution of HPAIVs with pandemic potential to inform risk assessments and mitigate the threat of HPAIVs to poultry and human populations.

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Comparative pathogenic potential of avian influenza H7N3 viruses isolated from wild birds in Egypt and their sensitivity to commercial antiviral drugs

et al. 2023

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Active surveillance and studying the virological features of avian-origin influenza viruses are essential for early warning and preparedness for the next potential pandemic. During our active surveillance of avian influenza viruses in wild birds in Egypt in the period 2014-2017, multiple reassortant low-pathogenic avian influenza H7N3 viruses were isolated. In this study, we investigated and compared the infectivity, pathogenicity, and transmission of four different constellation forms of Egyptian H7N3 viruses in chickens and mice and assessed the sensitivity of these viruses to different commercial antiviral drugs in vitro . Considerable variation in virus pathogenicity was observed in mice infected with different H7N3 viruses. The mortality rate ranged from 20 to 100% in infected mice. Infected chickens showed only ocular clinical signs at three days postinfection as well as systemic viral infection in different organs. Efficient virus replication and transmission in chickens was observed within each group, indicating that these subtypes can spread easily from wild birds to poultry without prior adaptation. Mutations in the viral proteins associated with antiviral drug resistance were not detected, and all strains were sensitive to the antiviral drugs tested. In conclusion, all of the viruses studied had the ability to infect mice and chickens. H7N3 viruses circulating among wild birds in Egypt could threaten poultry production and public health.

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The Pathobiology of H7N3 Low and High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses from the United States Outbreak in 2020 Differs between Turkeys and Chickens

Cited by 10 publications

References 67 publications

Low Pathogenicity H7N3 Avian Influenza Viruses Have Higher Within-Host Genetic Diversity Than a Closely Related High Pathogenicity H7N3 Virus in Infected Turkeys and Chickens

Low Pathogenicity H7N3 Avian Influenza Viruses Have Higher Within-Host Genetic Diversity Than a Closely Related High Pathogenicity H7N3 Virus in Infected Turkeys and Chickens

Molecular Evolution of the H5 and H7 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Haemagglutinin Cleavage Site Motif

Comparative pathogenic potential of avian influenza H7N3 viruses isolated from wild birds in Egypt and their sensitivity to commercial antiviral drugs

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