The Pathogenesis of Giardia Intestinalis

Abstract

Giardia intestinalis infection leads to intestinal cell damage and loss of the brush border of the intestinal epithelium, resulting in shortened microvilli and impaired epithelial barrier function. Watery diarrhoea, diarrhoea, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, and weight loss are all symptoms of this pathological alteration. Most infections are asymptomatic. Malnutrition absorption is the most common symptom of Giardia intestinalis infection. To treat Giardia intestinalis, several medications with good efficacy are employed, but the dose regimen is not always ideal, and the evolution of drug resistance is beginning to cast doubt on their clinical worth. In addition, some of these drugs can produce side effects that cause discomfort and make it difficult for patients to adhere to treatment. Giardia intestinalis is an important zoonotic parasite that causes diarrhoea in humans and many mammals. In recent years, its pathogenesis, including structural proteins and excretion of Giardia intestinalis, surface antigen variants, and the role of Giardia intestinalis in the small intestine, has been extensively studied. This article discusses this issue and lists the risks of Giardia intestinalis to the human intestine and the various diseases it can cause.