The Pattern of Blood–Milk Exchange for Antiparasitic Drugs in Dairy Ruminants

Abstract

The prolonged persistence of milk residual concentration of different antiparasitic drugs in lactating dairy animals should be considered before recommending their use (label or extra-label) for parasite control in dairy animals. The partition blood-to-milk ratio for different antiparasitic compounds depends on their ability to diffuse across the mammary gland epithelium. The high lipophilicity of some of the most widely used antiparasitic drugs explains their high partition into milk and the extended persistence of high residual concentrations in milk after treatment. Most of the antiparasitic drug compounds studied were shown to be stable in various milk-related industrial processes. Thus, the levels of residues detected in raw milk can be directly applicable to estimating consumer exposure and dietary intake calculations when consuming heat-processed fluid milk. However, after milk is processed to obtain milk products such as cheese, yogurt, ricotta, and butter, the residues of lipophilic antiparasitic drugs are higher than those measured in the milk used for their elaboration. This review article contributes pharmacokinetics-based information, which is useful to understand the relevance of rational drug-based parasite control in lactating dairy ruminants to avoid undesirable consequences of residual drug concentrations in milk and derived products intended for human consumption.

Caenorhabditis elegans as a valuable model for the study of anthelmintic pharmacodynamics and drug-drug interactions: The case of ivermectin and eprinomectin

“…Furthermore, our results suggest that EPM would be a better active principle than IVM for nematodes. EPM has a better dose-response time and efficacy than IVM (this study), less prolonged residual concentration in milk ( Imperiale et al, 2021 ), and both drugs have similar toxicity to animals ( Salman et al, 2022 ).…”

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“…The other ones are against adult stages. Most fasciolicides leave undesirable residues in milk and meat, which affects food safety, so treatment should be recommended during dry periods in the case of milk cows ( Imperiale & Lanusse, 2021 ).…”

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“…However, concerns about the use of these products are more comprehensive than studies of AR itself. Recently, with the improvement in awareness about the consumption of organic products, there has been a rise in concern with the potential residual effect of these products in meat and milk, derived products from ruminants that are widely consumed worldwide [148]. Despite reducing the withdrawal period, the risks associated with residues in milk intended for human consumption and dairy products may be present and should be considered [149].…”