The Pb-Sn-Te phase diagram and its application to the liquid phase epitaxial growth of Pb1−xSnxTe

Harris, James S.; Longo, J.T.; Gertner, E. R.; Clarke, John Elwood

doi:10.1016/0022-0248(75)90070-6

Cited by 50 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The phase diagram was constructed based on previously reported thermodynamic data of the PbTePbS [ 23,24 ] and PbTe-SnTe systems. [ 25,26 ] [ 1 ] b) Quasi-binary phase diagram of the PbTe-PbS system as previously reported [ 23 ] (black curve) and [ 24 ] (red curve), as well as of the Pb 0.95 Sn 0.05 Te-PbS system (blue curve), calculated for 100% Pb 0.95 Sn 0.05 Te from the quasi-binary PbTe-SnTe phase diagram [ 25 ] and intermediate compositions reported previously at 900, 1000, and 1200 K. [ 26 ] c) Confi guration of the analyzed segmented thermoelectric couple in this work, based on two n-type 0.055% and 0.01% PbI 2 (Figure 1 c) were prepared by simultaneously hot pressing of the two individual powder compositions under the same conditions applied for each of the compositions separately.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Functional Graded Germanium–Lead Chalcogenide‐Based Thermoelectric Module for Renewable Energy Applications

Hazan

Ben-Yehuda

Madar

et al. 2015

Advanced Energy Materials

103

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methods to enhance the materials' thermoelectric properties, practical design considerations including geometrical optimization and minimization of contact resistances and long-term properties degradation should be considered. For many years, thermoelectric power generation has enjoyed its greatest success in special and exotic applications, such as the space missions, in which the chalcogenides class of thermoelectric materials (e.g., GeTe, [1][2][3][4] PbTe, [5][6][7][8][9][10] PbS, [11][12][13][14] SnTe, [15][16][17][18][19][20][21] or their alloys) is the most thermoelectrically effi cient in the intermediate temperature range of ≈500 °C, but still the system conversion effi ciency for a state-ofpractice NASA RTG (radioisotope thermoelectric generator) is about 6%, [ 22 ] where in this type of application environmental issues and cost are not the main concerns. In this thermoelectric materials class, it was recently reported that upon proper compositional investigation for systems exhibiting a miscibility gap between two individual chalcogenide components, sub-micron thermodynamic-driven phase separation features are expected, leading to dramatically reduced thermal conductivity values and enhanced ZT s. Two examples are the p-type Ge 0.87 Pb 0.13 Te, [ 1 ] shown in Figure 1 a, and the n-type 0.055% PbI 2 doped (PbSn 0.05 Te) 0.92 (PbS) 0.08 [ 11 ] compositions, exhibiting very high maximal ZT s of ≈2.2 and ≈1.5, respectively, and correspondingly a very high thermoelectric potential.For the latter, investigation of the PbS-PbTe quasi-binary phase diagram, Figure 1 b reveals an extended miscibility gap at temperatures below 800 °C (1073 K in Figure 1 b), in which a higher-temperature solution-treated single phase (the upper scanning electron microscopy, SEM image) is expected to follow a rapid phase separation to two individual PbTe-and PbS-rich phases (the lower SEM image) by either the spinodal decomposition or nucleation and growth mechanisms, upon cooling, depending on the specifi c composition. Due to the rapid nature of these phase separation reactions, the apparent alternating phases are usually fi nely dispersed, making them very useful phonon scattering centers for thermal conductivity reduction. Due to its thermodynamic origin, such a submicron phase generation is considered much more stable at elevated operating temperatures, compared to any other mechanical nano-features generation approaches such as ball-milling, which are expected to follow coarsening into the micron scale with long-term operations.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Functional Graded Germanium–Lead Chalcogenide‐Based Thermoelectric Module for Renewable Energy Applications

Hazan

Ben-Yehuda

Madar

et al. 2015

Advanced Energy Materials

103

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…With thermal analysis, liquidus data were investigated by Biltz and Mecklenburg, 7 Kobayashi, 8 Fay, 9 Pelabon,10 and Brebrick. 11 Through solubility studies, Harris et al 12 studied the liquidus for x Te < 0.053. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and electromotive force (EMF) were utilized by LeBouteiller et al 13 and Rakotomavo et al 14 for liquidus determination.…”

Section: Literature Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamic Descriptions for the Sn-Te and Pb-Sn-Te Systems

Liu

Dong²,

Zhang

2009

Journal of Elec Materi

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Thermodynamic evaluation of the Sn-Te and Pb-Sn-Te systems has been carried out using the calculation of phase diagrams (CALPHAD) method. The associated solution model is utilized to describe the thermodynamic properties of liquids in the Sn-Te and Pb-Sn-Te systems. Such a model is based on the formation of associates in the melts to account for abrupt changes in thermochemical quantities and phase diagrams. According to this treatment, the Sn-Te melts are composed of three species, Sn, SnTe, and Te, at an equilibrium state. In the Pb-Sn-Te ternary melts, only binary associates, PbTe and SnTe, are assumed to exist. Based on abundant phase equilibrium and thermochemical data, the thermodynamic behaviors of the Sn-Te and Pb-Sn-Te systems have been extensively studied. Self-consistent thermodynamic descriptions have been established, which enable a great majority of the experimental values to be well reproduced. Various calculated isothermal sections, vertical sections, and liquidus projections are presented.

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“…There have been numerous experimental studies of the equilibrium phase stability of these systems. [15][16][17][18][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80] The first three systems mix on the anion sublattice of rocksalt, and the last three mix on the rocksalt cation sublattice. The model of coherent phase stability used here consists of three parts.…”

Section: Fig 1 (Color Online) Schematic Phase Diagram Of a Pseudo-bmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coherent and incoherent phase stabilities of thermoelectric rocksalt IV-VI semiconductor alloys

Doak

Wolverton

2012

Phys. Rev. B

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Nanostructures formed by phase separation improve the thermoelectric figure of merit in lead chalcogenide semiconductor alloys, with coherent nanostructures giving larger improvements than incoherent nanostructures. However, large coherency strains in these alloys drastically alter the thermodynamics of phase stability. Incoherent phase stability can be easily inferred from an equilibrium phase diagram, but coherent phase stability is more difficult to assess experimentally. Therefore, we use density functional theory calculations to investigate the coherent and incoherent phase stability of the IV-VI rocksalt semiconductor alloy systems Pb(S,Te), Pb(Te,Se), Pb(Se,S), (Pb,Sn)Te, (Sn,Ge)Te, and (Ge,Pb)Te. Here we use the term coherent to indicate that there is a common and unbroken lattice between the phases under consideration, and we use the term incoherent to indicate that the lattices of coexisting phases are unconstrained and allowed to take on equilibrium volumes. We find that the thermodynamic ground state of all of the IV-VI pseudo-binary systems studied is incoherent phase separation. We also find that the coherency strain energy, previously neglected in studies of these IV-VI alloys, is lowest along 111 (in contrast to most fcc metals), and is a large fraction of the thermodynamic driving force for incoherent phase separation in all systems. The driving force for coherent phase separation is significantly reduced, and we find that coherent nanostructures can only form at low temperatures where kinetics may prohibit their precipitation. Furthermore, by calculating the energies of ordered structures for these systems we find that the coherent phase stability of most IV-VI systems favors ordering over spinodal decomposition. Our results suggest that experimental reports of spinodal decomposition in the IV-VI rocksalt alloys should be re-examined. PACS number(s): 64.75. Nx, 82.60.Nh, 84.60.Rb, 64.70.kg 2

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The Pb-Sn-Te phase diagram and its application to the liquid phase epitaxial growth of Pb1−xSnxTe

Cited by 50 publications

References 17 publications

Functional Graded Germanium–Lead Chalcogenide‐Based Thermoelectric Module for Renewable Energy Applications

Functional Graded Germanium–Lead Chalcogenide‐Based Thermoelectric Module for Renewable Energy Applications

Thermodynamic Descriptions for the Sn-Te and Pb-Sn-Te Systems

Coherent and incoherent phase stabilities of thermoelectric rocksalt IV-VI semiconductor alloys

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