The Penile Microbiota in Uncircumcised and Circumcised Men: Relationships With HIV and Human Papillomavirus Infections and Cervicovaginal Microbiota

Onywera, Harris; Williamson, Anna‐Lise; Ponomarenko, Julia; Meiring, Tracy L.

doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.00383

Cited by 34 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 118 publications

(502 reference statements)

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“…The ocular microbiota is another example of a unique microbiota that has been reported to be interrelated to a variety of ophthalmic diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, autoimmune uveitis, glaucoma, and several others (257). The recent discovery of even more exotic human microbiotas such as the seminal and penile microbiota, hepatic microbiota, and cerebrospinal fluid virome opens up new frontiers of metagenomic exploration (8,11,(258)(259)(260). With the accumulation of more and more studies, the complex interconnectivity between different organ systems and the various human microbiotas is becoming increasingly apparent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The gut microbiota is the most diverse, studied, and densest microbiota in the human body. Apart from this, several other locations of the human body such as the oral mucosa, respiratory tract, genitals, and the ocular surface host their own unique microbiotas (2,4,(7)(8)(9)(10)(11). Each of these microbiotas possesses its own intricacies and idiosyncrasies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Impact of Human Microbiotas in Hematopoietic Stem Cell and Organ Transplantation

Sen

Thummer

2022

Front. Immunol.

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The human microbiota heavily influences most vital aspects of human physiology including organ transplantation outcomes and transplant rejection risk. A variety of organ transplantation scenarios such as lung and heart transplantation as well as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is heavily influenced by the human microbiotas. The human microbiota refers to a rich, diverse, and complex ecosystem of bacteria, fungi, archaea, helminths, protozoans, parasites, and viruses. Research accumulating over the past decade has established the existence of complex cross-species, cross-kingdom interactions between the residents of the various human microbiotas and the human body. Since the gut microbiota is the densest, most popular, and most studied human microbiota, the impact of other human microbiotas such as the oral, lung, urinary, and genital microbiotas is often overshadowed. However, these microbiotas also provide critical and unique insights pertaining to transplantation success, rejection risk, and overall host health, across multiple different transplantation scenarios. Organ transplantation as well as the pre-, peri-, and post-transplant pharmacological regimens patients undergo is known to adversely impact the microbiotas, thereby increasing the risk of adverse patient outcomes. Over the past decade, holistic approaches to post-transplant patient care such as the administration of clinical and dietary interventions aiming at restoring deranged microbiota community structures have been gaining momentum. Examples of these include prebiotic and probiotic administration, fecal microbial transplantation, and bacteriophage-mediated multidrug-resistant bacterial decolonization. This review will discuss these perspectives and explore the role of different human microbiotas in the context of various transplantation scenarios.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Human Microbiotas in Hematopoietic Stem Cell and Organ Transplantation

Sen

Thummer

2022

Front. Immunol.

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“…Thus, some authors have suggested a relationship between Corynebacterium spp. and Langerhans cells that facilitates clearance of HPV infection [ 121 , 122 ].…”

Section: Microbiomes and Hpv And Hivmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on the Epidemiological Features and Clinical Implications of Human Papillomavirus Infection (HPV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Coinfection

2022

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Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. Although most HPV infections will spontaneously resolve, a considerable proportion of them will persist, increasing the risk of anogenital dysplasia, especially within certain populations, such as patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Furthermore, high-risk oncogenic HPV types (HR-HPV) are the main cause of cervix and other anogenital cancers, such as cancer of the vagina, vulva, penis, or anus. HIV and HPV coinfection is common among people living with HIV (PLWH) but disproportionally affects men who have sex with men (MSM) for whom the rate of persistent HPV infection and reinfection is noteworthy. The molecular interactions between HIV and HPV, as well as the interplay between both viruses and the immune system, are increasingly being understood. The immune dysfunction induced by HIV infection impairs the rate of HPV clearance and increases its oncogenic risk. Despite the availability of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), the incidence of several HPV-related cancers is higher in PLWH, and the burden of persistent HPV-related disease has become a significant concern in an aging HIV population. Several public health strategies have been developed to reduce the transmission of HIV and HPV and mitigate the consequences of this type of coinfection. Universal HPV vaccination is the most effective preventive tool to reduce the incidence of HPV disease. In addition, screening programs for HPV-related cervical and vulvovaginal diseases in women are well-recognized strategies to prevent cervical cancer. Similarly, anal dysplasia screening programs are being implemented worldwide for the prevention of anal cancer among PLWH. Herein, the main epidemiological features and clinical implications of HIV and HPV coinfection are reviewed, focusing mainly on the relationship between HIV immune status and HPV-related diseases and the current strategies used to reduce the burden of HPV-related disease.

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“…Its prevalence is concentrated mostly in the African territories, whereas, in low prevalence territories such as Europe, the virus is transmitted mainly in certain contexts, such as drug users, men who have sex with men (MSM), sex workers, and transgender people [59]. In addition, it appears to be an aggravating factor and an accelerator of disease progression [25,60]. Concerning predisposing factors of disease progression, as in other cancers, chronic inflammation can play an important role in creating a suitable microenvironment for PC development/progression.…”

Section: Penile Cancer (Pc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, during sexual arousal, the preputial epithelium stretches, thus diminishing its already thin layer of keratin. During intercourse, this vulnerable structure is directly exposed to the potentially infected partner's secretions [60]. The preputial cavity offers a hospitable environment for an infectious inoculum; moreover, it can be the retention site of the epidermal cells, urine, and smegma, leading to chronic inflammation and possible bacterial superinfection [61].…”

Section: Penile Cancer (Pc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Sexual Activity on the Risk of Male Genital Tumors: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Crocetto

Arcaniolo

Napolitano

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Most cancers are related to lifestyle and environmental risk factors, including smoking, alcohol consumption, dietary habits, and environment (occupational exposures). A growing interest in the association between sexual activity (SA) and the development of different types of tumors in both men and women has been recorded in recent years. The aim of the present systematic review is to describe and critically discuss the current evidence regarding the association between SA and male genital cancers (prostatic, penile, and testicular), and to analyze the different theories and biological mechanisms reported in the literature. A comprehensive bibliographic search in the MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was performed in July 2021. Papers in the English language without chronological restrictions were selected. Retrospective and prospective primary clinical studies, in addition to previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses, were included. A total of 19 studies, including 953,704 patients were selected. Case reports, conference abstracts, and editorial comments were excluded. Men with more than 20 sexual partners in their lifetime, and those reporting more than 21 ejaculations per month, reported a decreased risk of overall and less aggressive prostate cancer (PCa). About 40% of penile cancers (PCs) were HPV-associated, with HPV 16 being the dominant genotype. Data regarding the risk of HPV in circumcised patients are conflicting, although circumcision appears to have a protective role against PC. Viral infections and epididymo-orchitis are among the main sex-related risk factors studied for testicular cancer (TC); however, data in the literature are limited. Testicular trauma can allow the identification of pre-existing TC. SA is closely associated with the development of PC through high-risk HPV transmission; in this context, phimosis appears to be a favoring factor. Sexual behaviors appear to play a significant role in PCa pathogenesis, probably through inflammatory mechanisms; however, protective sexual habits have also been described. A direct correlation between SA and TC has not yet been proven, although infections remain the most studied sex-related factor.

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The Penile Microbiota in Uncircumcised and Circumcised Men: Relationships With HIV and Human Papillomavirus Infections and Cervicovaginal Microbiota

Cited by 34 publications

References 118 publications

The Impact of Human Microbiotas in Hematopoietic Stem Cell and Organ Transplantation

The Impact of Human Microbiotas in Hematopoietic Stem Cell and Organ Transplantation

Update on the Epidemiological Features and Clinical Implications of Human Papillomavirus Infection (HPV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Coinfection

Impact of Sexual Activity on the Risk of Male Genital Tumors: A Systematic Review of the Literature

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