The Penny Drops: Change Blindness at Fixation

Smith, Tim J.; Lamont, Peter; Henderson, John M.

doi:10.1068/p7092

Cited by 29 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…with a flicker) viewers may fail to notice changes to details within the scene (see for review). If the viewer fails to detect the change after the distraction it is seen as evidence that they have either not attended to the object, not encoded the details in working memory, failed to retrieve the detail from memory, or not performed correspondence: the checking of the visual features they see before them and what is in their memory (Kahneman, Treisman, & Gibbs, 1992).…”

Section: Perceiving Continuity In the Real-worldmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Attentional Theory of Cinematic Continuity

Smith¹

2012

Projections

157

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The intention of most film editing is to create the impression of continuity by editing together discontinuous viewpoints. The techniques used to achieve this, the continuity editing rules are well established yet there exists an incomplete understanding of their cognitive foundations.In this essay I will present the Attentional Theory of Cinematic Continuity (AToCC). AToCC identifies the critical role visual attention plays in the perception of continuity across cuts and demonstrates how perceptual expectations can be matched across cuts without the need for a coherent representation of the depicted space. The theory explains several key elements of the continuity editing style including match-action, matched-exit/entrances, shot/reverse-shot, the 180° rule and point-of-view editing. AToCC formalizes insights about viewer cognition that have been latent in the filmmaking community for nearly a century and demonstrates how much vision science in general can learn from film.4

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Section: Perceiving Continuity In the Real-worldmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, even attending to an object does not guarantee change detection Smith, Lamont, & Henderson, under review). In another study, used a matched-exit/entrance to show one actor leaving a room in one shot and then a different actor continuing the action in the next shot.…”

Section: Perceiving Continuity In the Real-worldmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Attentional Theory of Cinematic Continuity

Smith¹

2012

Projections

157

194

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“…This increase in saccadic activity has been interpreted as indicative of viewer awareness of the onset of a new scene content and reorientation to it (Hochberg & Brooks, 1978). Although caution should be taken when attributing awareness to overt attention as fixating an object does not necessitate awareness of the object and involuntary saccades, like those occurring across a cut, may not result in awareness for the target of the saccade (Smith, Lamont, & Henderson, 2012.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Match-Action: The Role of Motion and Audio in Creating Global Change Blindness in Film

Smith

Santacreu

2016

Media Psychology

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“…Levin & Simons, 1997). A coin can be switched with another coin whilst the viewer fixates it as long as the viewer is attending to whether the coin is a head or tail and the change happens during a brief occlusion by the hands (Smith, Lamont, & Henderson, 2012). However, dynamic scenes, by definition contain natural visual transients.…”

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confidence: 99%

Change Blindness in a Dynamic Scene Due to Endogenous Override of Exogenous Attentional Cues

2013

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Word Count = 1264Running Head: Failure to detect dynamic scene changes due to endogenous control. ABSTRACT [148 out of 150]Change blindness is a failure to detect changes if the change occurs during a mask or distraction. Without distraction, it is assumed that the visual transients associated with the change will automatically capture attention (exogenous control) leading to detection. However, visual transients are a defining feature of naturalistic dynamic scenes. Are artificial distractions needed to hide changes to a dynamic scene? Do the temporal demands of the scene instead lead to greater endogenous control that may result in viewers missing a change in plain sight? In the present study we pitted endogenous and exogenous factors against each other during a card trick. Complete change blindness was demonstrated even when a salient highlight was inserted coincident with the change. These results indicate strong endogenous control of attention during dynamic scene viewing and its ability to override exogenous influences even when it is to the detriment of accurate scene representation. 4What we remember of a visual scene is a result of where we attend and which details of attended locations we encode in memory. One of the most striking demonstrations of the interaction between attention and memory is change blindness. Change blindness is the failure to detect an obvious change to a scene if the change occurs is relevant with the demands of the stimulus. Endogenous control has been shown to limit capture by stimulus features in simple displays (Folk, Remington & Johnson, 1992). Does a similar tempering of exogenous control occur during dynamic scenes and can it be used to hide a change in plain sight?In the present study we asked whether viewers can be made blind to a change in a dynamic scene through endogenous control and whether this can be overridden 5 by exogenous capture of attention. In our study viewers watched a video of a simple card counting task (supplementary video 1). (We encourage readers to view the video now before reading on.) The video depicted a man's hands as he unpacked a deck of blue-backed cards and then dealt them face up on the table. The audio narration instructed viewers to "count exactly how many red cards are dealt". In the reveal, the backs of all of the cards were shown to have changed color from blue to red. It is only at this point that participants realise they have been watching a card trick. The secret behind the colour change was simple: Only the first few cards had blue backs, all the rest had red backs, and it is these that the dealer turns over at the end (Figure 1). The critical feature (the change from blue to red; Figure 1a to 1b) was in clear view, was task-relevant (participants were counting "red" faced-cards,) and only 3.4 degrees of visual angle from the attended cards.In Experiment 1, we showed fifteen participants the video whilst their eye movements were recorded (with an Eyelink 1000). After the video, participants were In summary, 45 out of 45 particip...

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The Penny Drops: Change Blindness at Fixation

Cited by 29 publications

References 14 publications

The Attentional Theory of Cinematic Continuity

The Attentional Theory of Cinematic Continuity

Match-Action: The Role of Motion and Audio in Creating Global Change Blindness in Film

Change Blindness in a Dynamic Scene Due to Endogenous Override of Exogenous Attentional Cues

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