The peptide molecular links between the central nervous and the immune systems

Siemion, Ignacy Z.; Kluczyk, Alicja; Cebrat, Marek

doi:10.1007/s00726-005-0231-8

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 189 publications

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“…These results suggested that thymulin could exert positive feedback regulation on the secretion of GnRH in the hypothalamus of rats actively immunized with GnRH. This is consistent with the hypothesis that thymulin may be part of a feedback loop acting on neuroendocrine organs, such as the hypothalamus, and modulates the stimulatory activity of GnRH on LH and FSH release from pituitary cells (Hinojosa et al 2004, Siemion et al 2005. In addition, thymulin plays a neuroprotective role in different areas of the brain that interact with a set of cytokines (Safieh-Garabedian et al 2011).…”

Section: Figuresupporting

confidence: 89%

Effects of GnRH immunization on the reproductive axis and thymulin

Su¹,

Sun²,

Zhou³

et al. 2015

Journal of Endocrinology

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The bidirectional regulation of thymulin in the reproductive-endocrine function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis of rats immunized against GnRH remains largely unclear. We explored the alterations in hormones in the HPG axis in immunized rats to dissect the repressive effect of immunization on thymulin, and to clarify the interrelation of reproductive hormones and thymulin in vivo. The results showed that, in the first 2 weeks of booster immunization, thymulin was repressed when reproductive hormones were severely reduced. The self-feedback regulation of thymulin was then stimulated in later immune stages: the rising circulating thymulin upregulated LH and FSH, including GnRH in the hypothalamus, although the levels of those hormones were still significantly lower than in the control groups. In astrocytes, thymulin produced a feedback effect in regulated GnRH neurons. However, in the arcuate nucleus (Arc) and the median eminence (ME), the mediator of astrocytes and other glial cells were also directly affected by reproductive hormones. Thus, in immunized rats, the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein was distinctly stimulated in the Arc and ME. This study demonstrated that thymulin was downregulated by immunization against GnRH in early stage. Subsequently, the self-feedback regulation was provoked by low circulating thymulin. Thereafter, rising thymulin levels promoted pituitary gonadotropins levels, while acting directly on GnRH neurons, which was mediated by astrocytes in a region-dependent manner in the hypothalamus.

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Section: Figuresupporting

confidence: 89%

Effects of GnRH immunization on the reproductive axis and thymulin

Su¹,

Sun²,

Zhou³

et al. 2015

Journal of Endocrinology

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“…Over the last 20 years, a number of investigators have demonstrated interactions between the immune and neural systems during normal organismal development (Patterson, 1994;Armstrong et al, 2003;Siemion et al, 2005;Wrona, 2006). Our laboratories have been investigating proteins that regulate innervation during the earliest stages of inner ear development (reviewed by Barald and Kelley, 2004;Gerlach et al, 2000), and our recent work highlights the importance of chemokines and cytokines in the early stage peripheral auditory system (Bianchi et al, 2005;Holmes et al, 2011;Shen et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor acts as a neurotrophin in the developing inner ear

et al. 2012

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This study is the first to demonstrate that macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), an immune system ‘inflammatory’ cytokine that is released by the developing otocyst, plays a role in regulating early innervation of the mouse and chick inner ear. We demonstrate that MIF is a major bioactive component of the previously uncharacterized otocyst-derived factor, which directs initial neurite outgrowth from the statoacoustic ganglion (SAG) to the developing inner ear. Recombinant MIF acts as a neurotrophin in promoting both SAG directional neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival and is expressed in both the developing and mature inner ear of chick and mouse. A MIF receptor, CD74, is found on both embryonic SAG neurons and adult mouse spiral ganglion neurons. Mif knockout mice are hearing impaired and demonstrate altered innervation to the organ of Corti, as well as fewer sensory hair cells. Furthermore, mouse embryonic stem cells become neuron-like when exposed to picomolar levels of MIF, suggesting the general importance of this cytokine in neural development.

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“…T␣1 possesses the ability of influencing the central nervous system [68,70]. Its modulatory effect on the excitatory synaptic transmission in cultured hippocampal neurons was documented [81].…”

Section: Other Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thymosin alpha 1: Biological activities, applications and genetic engineering production

Liu

Wang

2010

Peptides

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Thymosin alpha 1 (Tα1), a 28-amino acid peptide, was first described and characterized from calf thymuses in 1977. This peptide can enhance T-cell, dendritic cell (DC) and antibody responses, modulate cytokines and chemokines production and block steroid-induced apoptosis of thymocytes. Due to its pleiotropic biological activities, Tα1 has gained increasing interest in recent years and has been used for the treatment of various diseases in clinic. Accordingly, there is an increasing need for the production of this peptide. So far, Tα1 used in clinic is synthesized using solid phase peptide synthesis. Here, we summarize the genetic engineering methods to produce Tα1 using prokaryotic or eukaryotic expression systems. The effectiveness of these biological products in increasing the secretion of cytokines and in promoting lymphocyte proliferation were investigated in vitro studies. This opens the possibility for biotechnological production of Tα1 for the research and clinical applications.

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The peptide molecular links between the central nervous and the immune systems

Cited by 14 publications

References 189 publications

Effects of GnRH immunization on the reproductive axis and thymulin

Effects of GnRH immunization on the reproductive axis and thymulin

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor acts as a neurotrophin in the developing inner ear

Thymosin alpha 1: Biological activities, applications and genetic engineering production

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