The Perceived Parental Support (PPS) Scale: Validity and Reliability in the 2006 Youth in Europe Substance Use Prevention Survey

Adolescent use of social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat has increased dramatically over the last decade and now pervades their everyday social lives. Active and passive social media use may impact emotional health differently, but little is known about whether and to what extent either type of social media use influences emotional distress among young people. We analyzed population survey data collected from Icelandic adolescents (N = 10,563) to document the prevalence of social media use and investigate the relationship of both active and passive social media use to self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depressed mood. A hierarchical linear regression model revealed that passive social media use was related to greater symptoms of anxiety and depressed mood among adolescents and active social media use was related to decreased symptoms of anxiety and depressed mood, even after controlling for time spent on social media. When adding known risk and protective factors, self-esteem, offline peer support, poor body image and social comparison to the model, active use was not related to emotional distress; however, passive use was still related to adolescent symptoms of anxiety and depressed mood. The effect of social media on emotional distress differed by gender, as time spent on social media had a stronger relationship with emotional distress among girls. In addition, passive use was more strongly related to symptoms of depressed mood among girls. Future research should include risk and protective factors as mediators of different types of social media use and adolescent emotional distress.

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“…The scale has shown good internal consistency and convergent validity. 57,58 In this sample, reliability was high (α = 0.88).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 75%

Active and Passive Social Media Use and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depressed Mood Among Icelandic Adolescents

Þórisdóttir

Sigurvinsdóttir

Ásgeirsdóttir

et al. 2019

Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking

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“…Parental support was measured at all three time points with the five-item Perceived Parental Support Scale (PPS), measured on a 4-point scale, asking how adolescents perceive general support from parents. The scale has been validated in a multi-country sample and shown good internal consistency and convergent validity (Kristjansson et al, 2011). In this sample, Cronbach's alpha was 0.821 (T1), 0.872 (T2), and 0.899 (T3).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Longitudinal association between social media use and psychological distress among adolescents

Þórisdóttir

Sigurvinsdóttir

Kristjánsson

et al. 2020

Preventive Medicine

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This study aimed to examine in a longitudinal cohort design whether social media use among adolescents is related to symptoms of social anxiety, depressed mood, and physical symptoms of anxiety over time. As part of the LIFECOURSE study of risk and protective factors for healthy adolescent development, three waves of school-based surveys of adolescents born in Iceland in 2004 were analyzed. Of the 3,914 eligible adolescents, 2,378 gave informed consent. Complete responses for this study were collected from 2,211 students at the first wave, with 2,052 responding roughly 12 months later, and 2,097 responding in year 3. Linear mixed-effects models were used to analyze time spent on social media in relation to psychological distress over time. More time spent on social media was weakly but significantly associated with increased symptoms of depressed mood, social anxiety and symptoms of physical anxiety over time. However, the effect size of these relationships suggest they may not be of clinical relevance. The relationship between time spent on social media and symptoms of depressed mood and physical symptoms of anxiety grew stronger over time, although it is not known if this relationship is causal. The relationship between time spent on social media and all outcomes of psychological distress were stronger for girls than boys and increased social media use had a positive relationship with symptoms of depressed mood over time. The relationships found in this study were relatively small and future studies need to focus on the clinical and public health significance of these effects.

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“…The Perceived Parental Support (PPS) Scale [ 23 ], a valid and reliable tool used with multiple populations, demonstrated a Cronbach’s alpha between 0.77 and 0.87. The PPS consists of a five-item scale to measure parental general support [ 23 ]. The PPS starts with a question, “How easy or hard is it for you to receive the following from your parents?” followed by five items (a) “Caring and warmth,” (b) “Discussions about personal affairs,” (c) “Advice about studies,” (d) “Advice about other issues (projects) of yours,” and (e) “Assistance with other things.” The responses are rated on a 4-point Likert scale from very difficult (1) to very easy (4).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parental Support, Beliefs about Mental Illness, and Mental Help-Seeking among Young Adults in Saudi Arabia

Mahsoon

Sharif

Banakhar

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Mental illness is not uncommon among young adults, but negative attitudes towards mental disorders and lack of parental support might be associated with hesitancy in seeking professional help. This study aimed to examine the relationships of parental support, beliefs about mental illness, and mental help-seeking among young adults in Saudi Arabia. This quantitative cross-sectional study included a convenience sample of 236 young adults (ages 18–25) with the majority of the total (86.4%) being female. Data were collected via three self-administered questionnaires: The Perceived Parental Support Scale, Beliefs toward Mental Illness scale, and Mental Help Seeking Attitude Scale. Results indicated that the participants had a moderately negative attitude toward mental illness, a moderately positive attitude toward parental support, and a highly positive attitude toward mental help-seeking. No significant relationships were found among the study variables. The study highlights that despite young adults’ positive attitude toward mental help-seeking and parental support, they have negative views toward people with mental illnesses. Educational programs in schools and media are needed to improve attitudes and enhance readiness to interact with people with mental illness.

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The Perceived Parental Support (PPS) Scale: Validity and Reliability in the 2006 Youth in Europe Substance Use Prevention Survey

Cited by 20 publications

References 47 publications

Active and Passive Social Media Use and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depressed Mood Among Icelandic Adolescents

Active and Passive Social Media Use and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depressed Mood Among Icelandic Adolescents

Longitudinal association between social media use and psychological distress among adolescents

Parental Support, Beliefs about Mental Illness, and Mental Help-Seeking among Young Adults in Saudi Arabia

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